Timur, attacked by fever and plague when encamped on the farther side of the Sihon (Syr-Daria), dies at Atrar (Otrar) in mid-February 1405.

His scouts had explored Mongolia before his death, and the writing they had carved on trees in Mongolia's mountains could still be seen even in the twentieth century.

Of Timur's four sons, two (Jahangir and Umar Shaykh) have predeceased him.

His third son, Miran Shah, dies soon after Timur, leaving the youngest son, Shah Rukh.

Although his designated successor is his grandson Pir Muhammad (born Jahangir), Timur is ultimately succeeded in power by his son Shah Rukh.

His most illustrious descendant, Babur, will found the Mughal Empire and rule over most of North India.

Babur's descendants, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb, will expand the Mughal Empire to most of the Indian subcontinent along with parts of modern Afghanistan.