The First Portuguese-Turkish War, an armed military conflict between Portugal and the Ottoman Empire in 1509, in the Indian Ocean, is an attempt by the Mamluk Egyptian state supported by Turkish ships and local Indian allies to prevent Portugal from setting up a regular trade connection between South Asia and Europe in the process of the expansion of the Portuguese Empire.

Previously all trade had passed through the Middle East but since the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope sea route from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean by Vasco da Gama, in 1498, this monopoly can now be broken.

Moreover, Portugal has begun to impose a licensing system on Indian Ocean trade that threatens to ruin many Muslim merchants and tries to divert trade to ports it controls.