The Polish–Swedish War (1600–11) is a continuation of the struggle between Sweden and Poland over control of Livonia and Estonia, as well as the dispute over the Swedish throne between Charles IX of Sweden and Sigismund III of Poland.This conflict between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden can trace its roots to the War against Sigismund, where Sigismund III Vasa, at one time king of both the Commonwealth and Sweden, lost the throne of Sweden during the civil war (1597–1599).

Few Commonwealth troops had participated in this conflict, and it is mostly regarded as a Swedish civil war, not part of the Polish-Swedish wars.

After early stalemate, Sigismund had been defeated in the Battle of Stångebro in 1598 and by 1599, Sigismund had been dethroned by his uncle, Duke Charles and forced to retreat to the Commonwealth.

This had also spelled the end of the short-lived personal union between Poland and Sweden (the Polish-Swedish union).However, Sigismund does not give up on regaining the Swedish throne, and from now on, most of his policies will revolve around his attempts to conquer Sweden, even though Commonwealth nobility had little will for such a long and bloody conflict.

Sigismund had started his plan in 1599, when he confirmed the pacta conventa, documents with promises he signed when elected as a King of Poland, which stated that the then-Swedish territory of Estonia would now became part of the Commonwealth.