The Viceroyalty of Peru, which has become the last redoubt of the Spanish Monarchy in South America, succumbs after the decisive continental campaigns of José de San Martín (1820-1823) and Simón Bolívar (1824).

San Martín, who had displaced the Chilean royalists after the battle of Maipu, and who had disembarked at Paracas in 1820, proclaimsthe independence of Peru in Lima on July 28, 1821.

Four years later, the Spanish Monarchy is defeated definitively in the battle of Ayacucho.