The Monmouth Rebellion of 1685, also known as the Pitchfork Rebellion, is an attempt to overthrow James II, who has become King of England at the death of his elder brother Charles II on 6 February 1685.

James II is unpopular because he is Roman Catholic and many people are opposed to a "papist" king.

James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, an illegitimate son of Charles II, claims to be rightful heir to the throne and attempts to displace James II.The rebellion ends with the defeat of Monmouth's forces at Battle of Sedgemoor on July 6, 1685.

Monmouth is executed for treason on July 15, and many of his supporters are executed or transported in the "Bloody Assizes" of Judge Jeffreys.