The Second Chōshū expedition, also called the Summer War, is a punitive expedition led by the Tokugawa Shogunate against the Chōshū Domain.
It follows the First Chōshū expedition of 1864.
"He who does not know how to give himself an account of three thousand years may remain in the dark, inexperienced, and live from day to day."
― Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, West-Eastern Divan