The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China is a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifests into wide-scale social, political, and economic chaos, which grows to include large sections of Chinese society and eventually brings the entire country to the brink of civil war.It is launched by Mao Zedong, the Chairman of the Communist Party of China, on May 16, 1966, officially as a campaign to rid China of its "liberal bourgeoisie" elements and to continue revolutionary class struggle.

It is widely recognized, however, as a method to regain control of the party after the disastrous Great Leap Forward had led to a significant loss of Mao's power to rivals Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, and will eventually manifest into waves of power struggles between rival factions both nationally and locally.Although Mao himself officially declares the Cultural Revolution to have ended in 1969, the term is today widely used to also include the period between 1969 and the arrest of the Gang of Four in 1976.