Theodora (980 – late August/early September 1056) is a Byzantine Empress born into the Macedonian dynasty that has ruled the Byzantine Empire for almost two hundred years.

She is co-empress with her sister Zoe for two months in 1042 and sole empress regnant from 11 January 1055 to 31 August 1056.

She is the last of the Macedonian line, and upon her death the empire enters a period of decline that lasts until the accession of Alexios I Komnenos in 1081.