Musa was Queen of Parthia c. 2 BCE – CE 4.

She is called as Thermusa by Josephus and is also known as Thea Urania (Astarte).

She is a concubine given by the Roman Emperor Augustus (27 BCE – 14) to King Phraates IV of Parthia (37–2 BCE).

Around the same time, Augustus recovers the eagle standards (Aquilae) lost by Marcus Licinius Crassus in the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BCE.

Phraates IV makes her his favored wife; her son Phraates V (2 BCE – 4), commonly called Phraataces (a diminutive form), he appoints successor.

She persuades Phraates IV to send his other sons to Rome as hostages.

With all rivals out of the way, she and Phraataces poison the king and assume the throne in 2 BCE.

They appear together on their coins, and are apparently co-rulers.

Josephus alleges that Musa then marries Phraates V, and, this being unacceptable to the Parthians, they rise up and overthrow them, offering the crown to Orodes III (who rules briefly in 6).