Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung, and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao (December 26, 1893 – September 9, 1976), is a Chinese communist revolutionary, politician and socio-political theorist.

The founding father of the People's Republic of China from its establishment in 1949, he governs the country as Chairman of the Communist Party of China until his death.

In this position, he converts China into a single-party socialist state, with industry and business being nationalized under state ownership and socialist reforms implemented in all areas of society.

Politically a Marxist-Leninist, his theoretical contribution to the ideology along with his military strategies and brand of policies are collectively known as Maoism.

Born the son of a wealthy farmer in Shaoshan, Hunan, Mao adopts a Chinese nationalist and anti-imperialist outlook in early life, particularly influenced by the events of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 and May Fourth Movement of 1919.

Coming to adopt Marxism-Leninism while working at Peking University, he becomes an early member of the Communist Party of China (CPC), soon rising to a senior position.

In 1922, the Communists agree to an alliance with the larger Kuomintang (KMT), a nationalist revolutionary party, whom Mao aids in creating a revolutionary peasant army and organizing rural land reform.

In 1927 the KMT's military leader Chiang Kai-shek breaks the alliance and sets about on an anti-communist purge; in turn, the CPC form an army of peasant militia, and the two sides clash in the Chinese Civil War.

Mao is responsible for commanding a part of the CPC's Red Army, and after several setbacks, rises to power in the party by leading the Long March.

When the Empire of Japan invades China in 1937, sparking the Second Sino-Japanese War, Mao agrees to a united front with the KMT, resulting in a CPC–KMT victory in 1945.

The civil war then resumes, in which Mao leads the Red Army to victory as Chiang and his supporters flee to Taiwan.

In 1949, Mao proclaimsd the foundation of the People's Republic of China, a one-party socialist state controlled by the Communist Party.

After solidifying the reunification of China through his Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries, Mao enacts sweeping land reform, overthrowing the feudal landlords before seizing their large estates and dividing the land into people's communes.

He proceeds to lead a nationwide political campaign known as the Great Leap Forward from 1958 through to 1961, designed to modernize and industrialize the country, however agrarian problems worsened by his policies leads to widespread famine.

In 1966, he initiates the Cultural Revolution, a program to weed out counterevolutionary elements in Chinese society, which continues until his death.

A deeply controversial figure, Mao is regarded as one of the most important individuals in modern world history.

Supporters praise him for modernizing China and building it into a world power, through promoting the status of women, improving education and health care, providing universal housing and raising life expectancy.

In addition, China's population almost doubles during the period of Mao's leadership, from around 550 to over 900 million.

As a result, Mao is still officially held in high regard by many Chinese as a great political strategist, military mastermind, and savior of the nation.

Maoists furthermore promote his role as a theorist, statesman, poet, and visionary, who has inspired revolutionary movements across the globe.

In contrast, critics, including some historians, have labeled him a dictator whose administration oversaw systematic human rights abuses, and whose rule is estimated to have caused the deaths of 40–70 million people through starvation, forced labor and executions, ranking his tenure as the top incidence of democide in human history.