Brandenburg and ...

...Saxony also join the alliance against against Louis.

The gambit to bring the Germans to terms, although militarily successful, as well as strengthening the Turkish resolve in the Balkans, fails.

Just after the initial attack in October 1688, Hanover and ...

...Hesse-Kassel had agreed to fight Louis.

Philipp Jakob Spener, a leading figure in German Pietism, a movement of spiritual renewal among Protestants that stresses personal improvement and upright conduct as the most important manifestations of Christian faith, in 1686 had been made first court chaplain at Dresden, the most valued position in the German Lutheran Church, but his views soon aroused opposition.

Attacks upon Pietism, which is a reaction to the doctrinal preoccupation of contemporary Lutheranism, come from the orthodox Lutherans at the University of Leipzig and from the Saxon court, whose elector, John George III, had been rebuked by Spener for drunkenness.

Spener consequently moves in 1691 to ...

...Berlin to become provost of St. Nicholas' Church.

Here he gains from the Brandenburg-Prussian court the support that enables him to carry out numerous reforms.