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Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne
French churchman, politician and finance minister of Louis XVI
Years: 1727 - 1794
Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne (October 9, 1727 – February 19, 1794) is a French churchman, politician and finance minister of Louis XVI.
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The suggestion to summon the Estates General had come from the Assembly of Notables installed by the King on February 22 1787.
It had not met since 1626.
The usual business of registering the King's edicts as law is performed by the Parlement of Paris.
In this year it is refusing to cooperate with Calonne's program of badly needed financial reform, due to the special interests of its noble members.
As a last measure, Calonne had hoped to bypass them by reviving an archaic institution.
The initial roster of Notables includes one hundred and thirty-seven nobles, among them many future revolutionaries, such as the Comte de Mirabeau, and the Marquis de Lafayette, hero of the American Revolution, a major general in George Washington's Continental Army when the French army and navy helped it to victory in the Battle of Yorktown.
Calonne's replacement is Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, President of the Assembly of Notables.
He is offered the post of Prime Minister, which is to include being Controller.
The Notables nevertheless remain recalcitrant.
They make a number of proposals but they will not grant the King money.
Lafayette suggests that the problem requires a national assembly.
Brienne asks him if he means the Estates General.
On receiving an affirmative answer, Brienne records it as a proposal.
Frustrated by his inability to obtain money, the King stages a day-long harangue, and on May 25 dissolves the Notables.
Their proposals revert to the Parlement.
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It had not met since 1626.
The usual business of registering the King's edicts as law is performed by the Parlement of Paris.
In this year it is refusing to cooperate with Calonne's program of badly needed financial reform, due to the special interests of its noble members.
As a last measure, Calonne had hoped to bypass them by reviving an archaic institution.
The initial roster of Notables includes one hundred and thirty-seven nobles, among them many future revolutionaries, such as the Comte de Mirabeau, and the Marquis de Lafayette, hero of the American Revolution, a major general in George Washington's Continental Army when the French army and navy helped it to victory in the Battle of Yorktown.
Calonne's replacement is Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, President of the Assembly of Notables.
He is offered the post of Prime Minister, which is to include being Controller.
The Notables nevertheless remain recalcitrant.
They make a number of proposals but they will not grant the King money.
Lafayette suggests that the problem requires a national assembly.
Brienne asks him if he means the Estates General.
On receiving an affirmative answer, Brienne records it as a proposal.
Frustrated by his inability to obtain money, the King stages a day-long harangue, and on May 25 dissolves the Notables.
Their proposals revert to the Parlement.
The French King, turning again to the Parlement, finds that they are inclined to continue the issues that had been raised in the Assembly of Notables.
Their proper legal function, besides giving advice to the King, is only to register, or record, his edicts as law, a matter of simple obedience, which the King's father and grandfather had been able to command, sometimes by sternness, threats, and losses of temper.
Unless registered, the edicts are not lawful.
On July 6, 1787, Loménie forwards the Subvention Territoriale and another tax, the Edit du Timbre, or "Stamp Act," based on the American model, for registration.
Parlement refuses an illegal act, demanding accounting statements, or "States," as a prior condition.
It is the King's turn to refuse.
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Their proper legal function, besides giving advice to the King, is only to register, or record, his edicts as law, a matter of simple obedience, which the King's father and grandfather had been able to command, sometimes by sternness, threats, and losses of temper.
Unless registered, the edicts are not lawful.
On July 6, 1787, Loménie forwards the Subvention Territoriale and another tax, the Edit du Timbre, or "Stamp Act," based on the American model, for registration.
Parlement refuses an illegal act, demanding accounting statements, or "States," as a prior condition.
It is the King's turn to refuse.
The members of the Parlement had begun to jest that they require either the accounting States or the Estates General.
The King cannot let this slight to his authority pass.
Parlement had been commanded to assemble at the King's palace at Versailles where, on August 6, he had ordered them in person to register the taxes.
On August 7, back in Paris, the Parlement declares, in earnest this time, that the order is null and void, repudiating all previous registrations of taxes.
Only the Estates General, they say, can register taxes.
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The King cannot let this slight to his authority pass.
Parlement had been commanded to assemble at the King's palace at Versailles where, on August 6, he had ordered them in person to register the taxes.
On August 7, back in Paris, the Parlement declares, in earnest this time, that the order is null and void, repudiating all previous registrations of taxes.
Only the Estates General, they say, can register taxes.
For the second time, the King summons Parlement away from Paris, where crowds of people cheer their every act from the street, this time to meet at Troyes, Champagne on August 15.
He does not personally appear.
By messenger he and Parlement negotiate an agreement: the King withdraws the Stamp Tax and modifies the Land Tax to exclude the lands of people of title in return for the assured registration of further loans.
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He does not personally appear.
By messenger he and Parlement negotiate an agreement: the King withdraws the Stamp Tax and modifies the Land Tax to exclude the lands of people of title in return for the assured registration of further loans.
Parlement had been allowed to return on September 20.
Encouraged, Loménie, with the support of the King, had gone beyond the intent of the Parlement, which was to grant specific loans.
He had proposed an Emprunt Successif (Successive Loan) until 1792, giving the King a blank check.
When Parlement delayed, the King had resorted to a ruse; he scheduled a Royal Hunt for November 19.
On this day at 11:00 AM the King and his peers noisily enter the session of Parlement dressed in hunting clothes.
They will confer with each other and have the decisions registered immediately, they say.
Nearly the entire government is now face-to-face.
They argue the problems and issues concerned until dusk, some six hours later.
Parlement believes that the problem has gone beyond the government and needs the decisions of the Estates General, which does not correspond to the King's concept of monarchy.
At the end of the day, the King demands the registration of the Successive Loan.
The Duc d'Orléans (a previous Notable, a relative of the King, and an ardent revolutionary), known as Philippe Égalité, asks if this is a Royal Session of the Peers or a Session of Parlement
On being told it is a Royal Session he replies that edicts are not registered at Royal Sessions.
The King retorts, Vous êtes bien le maître (do as YOU will) with some sarcasm as the King's will is legally required, and strode angrily from the session with a retinue.
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Encouraged, Loménie, with the support of the King, had gone beyond the intent of the Parlement, which was to grant specific loans.
He had proposed an Emprunt Successif (Successive Loan) until 1792, giving the King a blank check.
When Parlement delayed, the King had resorted to a ruse; he scheduled a Royal Hunt for November 19.
On this day at 11:00 AM the King and his peers noisily enter the session of Parlement dressed in hunting clothes.
They will confer with each other and have the decisions registered immediately, they say.
Nearly the entire government is now face-to-face.
They argue the problems and issues concerned until dusk, some six hours later.
Parlement believes that the problem has gone beyond the government and needs the decisions of the Estates General, which does not correspond to the King's concept of monarchy.
At the end of the day, the King demands the registration of the Successive Loan.
The Duc d'Orléans (a previous Notable, a relative of the King, and an ardent revolutionary), known as Philippe Égalité, asks if this is a Royal Session of the Peers or a Session of Parlement
On being told it is a Royal Session he replies that edicts are not registered at Royal Sessions.
The King retorts, Vous êtes bien le maître (do as YOU will) with some sarcasm as the King's will is legally required, and strode angrily from the session with a retinue.
Lettres de Cachet, or arbitrary arrest warrants, follow on the 20th for d'Orleans and two others.
They are taken into custody and held under comfortable conditions away from Paris; d'Orleans on his country estate.
Parlement begins a debate on the legality of Lettres de Cachet.
The men being held become a cause célèbre.
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They are taken into custody and held under comfortable conditions away from Paris; d'Orleans on his country estate.
Parlement begins a debate on the legality of Lettres de Cachet.
The men being held become a cause célèbre.
As the King and Parlement could accomplish no more together, Loménie, over the winter, had pressed for an alternative plan; to resurrect even more archaic institutions.
The Grand Bailliages, or larger legal jurisdictions that once had existed, will assume Parlement's legal functions, while the Plenary Court, last known under Louis IX, when it had the power to register edicts, will assume the registration duties of the Parlement, leaving it with no duties to perform.
The King plans a sudden revelation and dismissal of Parlement.
However, Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil had heard the government presses running and had bribed the printer to give him the proofs of the edict.
Hearing it read the next day, May 3, 1788, Parlement swears an oath not to be disbanded and defines a manifesto of their rights.
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The Grand Bailliages, or larger legal jurisdictions that once had existed, will assume Parlement's legal functions, while the Plenary Court, last known under Louis IX, when it had the power to register edicts, will assume the registration duties of the Parlement, leaving it with no duties to perform.
The King plans a sudden revelation and dismissal of Parlement.
However, Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil had heard the government presses running and had bribed the printer to give him the proofs of the edict.
Hearing it read the next day, May 3, 1788, Parlement swears an oath not to be disbanded and defines a manifesto of their rights.
Warrants are issued for Eprémesnil and another but they escape from their homes over the rooftops in the early morning to seek refuge in Parlement.
The King sends his guards into Parlement to arrest them.
They surrender.
Parlement files silently out between a line of guards.
The commander gives the key to the building to the King.
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The King sends his guards into Parlement to arrest them.
They surrender.
Parlement files silently out between a line of guards.
The commander gives the key to the building to the King.
Grenoble is the scene of popular unrest due to financial hardship from the economic crises.
The causes of the French Revolution affect all of France, but matters come to a head first in Grenoble.
Unrest in the town is sparked by the attempts of Cardinal Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne, the Archbishop of Toulouse and Controller-General of Louis XVI, to abolish the Parlements in order to enact a new tax to deal with France's unmanageable public debt.
Tensions in urban populations have been rising already due to poor harvests and the high cost of bread in France.
These tensions are exacerbated by the refusal of the privileged classes, the Church and the aristocracy, to relinquish any of their fiscal privileges.
They insist on retaining the right to collect feudal and seignorial royalties from their peasants and landholders.
This acts to block reforms attempted by the king's minister Charles Alexandre de Calonne and the Assembly of Notables that he had convoked in January 1787.
Added to this, Brienne, appointed the king's Controller-General of Finance on April 8, 1787, is widely regarded as being a manager without experience or imagination.
Shortly prior to the 7th of June in 1788, in a large meeting at Grenoble, those who attend the meeting decided to call together the old Estates of the province of Dauphiné.
The government responds by sending troops to the area to put down the movement.
The transfer of power to the new government was to begin on May 8, 1788 with the registration of the edicts establishing it in the regional Parlement.
The latter had refused unanimously following the Parlement of Paris.
If the King's commissioners forced the issue Parlement abandoned the meeting place only to return the next day to declare the registration null and void.
Armed protest sweeps the kingdom.
Street fighting breaks out at Rennes, Brittany.
A deputation sent to Paris from there is imprisoned in the Bastille.
The Bretons in Paris founds the Club Breton, later the Jacobin Society.
The Grand Bailliages cannot be created and the Plenary Court meets only once.
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The latter had refused unanimously following the Parlement of Paris.
If the King's commissioners forced the issue Parlement abandoned the meeting place only to return the next day to declare the registration null and void.
Armed protest sweeps the kingdom.
Street fighting breaks out at Rennes, Brittany.
A deputation sent to Paris from there is imprisoned in the Bastille.
The Bretons in Paris founds the Club Breton, later the Jacobin Society.
The Grand Bailliages cannot be created and the Plenary Court meets only once.
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