French scientist and man of letters Bernard Le Bovier, sieur de Fontenelle, educated at the Jesuit college in Rouen, did not settle in Paris until he had passed the age of thirty and had become famous as the writer of operatic librettos.

His literary activity during the years 1683–88 has won him a great reputation.

The Lettres galantes (1683, “Gallant Letters”; expanded edition, 1685) have contributed to this, but the Nouveaux Dialogues des morts (1683, “New Dialogues of the Dead”; 2nd part, 1684) enjoy a greater success (and is more interesting to a modern reader).

The Dialogues, conversations modeled on the dialogues of Lucian, between such figures as Socrates and Montaigne, Seneca and Scarron, have served to disseminate new philosophical ideas.

Fontenelle’s popularization of philosophy is carried further by the Histoire des oracles (1687; “History of the Oracles”), based on a Latin treatise by the Dutch writer Anton van Dale (1683).

Here Fontenelle subjects pagan religions to criticisms that the reader would inevitably see as applicable to Christianity as well.

The same anti-religious bias is seen in his amusing satire Relation de l'île de Bornéo (1686; “Account of the Island of Borneo”), in which a civil war in Borneo is used to symbolize the dissensions between Catholics (Rome) and Calvinists (Geneva).

Fontenelle's most famous work is the Entretiens sur la pluralité des mondes (1686; A Plurality of Worlds, 1688).

These charming and sophisticated dialogues are more influential than any other work in securing acceptance of the Copernican system, still far from commanding universal support in 1686.

Fontenelle's basis of scientific documentation is meager, and some of his figures are wildly erroneous even for his own day.

He was unfortunate in the moment of his publication: the Cartesian theory of vortices, on which his work was based, had been refuted the next year in Isaac Newton's Principia.

Described by Voltaire as the most universal mind produced by the era of Louis XIV, many of the characteristic ideas of the Enlightenment are found in embryonic form in his works.

Atlantic West Europe (1708–1719): Resolution, Reconstruction, and Early Enlightenment Flourishing

Between 1708 and 1719, Atlantic West Europe—including northern France, the Low Countries (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg), and regions along the Atlantic and English Channel coasts—witnessed critical resolutions to earlier dynastic conflicts, economic stabilization, and a renewed cultural and intellectual dynamism. The decade's pivotal moment was the conclusion of the War of the Spanish Succession, which profoundly reshaped geopolitical alignments, allowed economic recovery, and intensified intellectual exchanges that laid foundations for the Enlightenment.

Political and Military Developments

Climax of the War of the Spanish Succession

• The decisive allied victory at the Battle of Oudenarde (1708) significantly weakened French forces in Flanders, further limiting Louis XIV's ambitions in the Low Countries.

• The subsequent Battle of Malplaquet (1709), although tactically ambiguous due to heavy casualties on both sides, strategically undermined French military resources and accelerated diplomatic efforts toward peace.

The Treaties of Utrecht (1713) and Rastatt (1714)

• The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) dramatically reshaped Atlantic West Europe's political landscape, ensuring that Philip V remained king of Spain but prohibiting a future union of French and Spanish crowns, thus preserving European balance-of-power principles.

• Britain emerged significantly strengthened, acquiring strategic territories including Gibraltar, Minorca, and valuable commercial privileges in the Atlantic trade, profoundly affecting regional maritime dynamics.

• The Treaty of Rastatt (1714) between France and Austria finalized Habsburg control over the Southern Netherlands (modern Belgium), placing the region under Austrian rule and establishing clear territorial boundaries that would define Europe’s geopolitical order for decades.

Succession and Dynastic Shifts in France

• The death of Louis XIV (1715) concluded an era defined by absolute monarchy and territorial ambition, ushering in the regency of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (1715–1723), characterized by diplomatic pragmatism, domestic reform, and relative peace.

Economic and Maritime Developments

Economic Stabilization and Recovery

• The cessation of prolonged warfare allowed economic stabilization across Atlantic West Europe, enabling recovery in agriculture, commerce, and manufacturing, particularly in Flanders and northern France.

• Maritime trade intensified, notably benefiting English and Dutch port cities like London, Amsterdam, and Rotterdam, while French Atlantic ports—Bordeaux, Nantes, and La Rochelle—recovered significantly, enhancing commercial prosperity, especially in wine, textiles, and sugar trade.

Expansion of Financial and Commercial Institutions

• Amsterdam retained significant economic influence, remaining Europe's major financial center. However, London's growing financial institutions—exemplified by the establishment of the South Sea Company (1711)—foreshadowed the English capital's eventual ascendance as Europe's financial powerhouse.

• Antwerp began a period of gradual economic revival under Austrian governance, though overshadowed commercially by Amsterdam’s dominance in Atlantic and global trade networks.

Religious and Intellectual Developments

Early Enlightenment Thought and Intellectual Networks

• Intellectual life flourished, driven by scholars and philosophers fostering Enlightenment ideals. Figures such as Pierre Bayle (posthumously influential after his death in 1706) continued shaping discourse, particularly in the Dutch Republic, advocating religious tolerance, skepticism, and rational inquiry.

• In France, under the relatively tolerant Orléans Regency, intellectual exchanges expanded through salons and literary circles. This environment supported early Enlightenment figures, such as Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle, whose popularization of scientific ideas deeply influenced French intellectual culture.

Religious Tensions and Catholic Reforms

• Despite relative political calm, religious tensions persisted. The legacy of the Huguenot exodus still impacted economic and intellectual spheres, although repression was somewhat relaxed under the regency.

• Catholic authorities, influenced by Counter-Reformation values, continued promoting orthodox religious practices, though criticism from enlightened circles subtly challenged traditional doctrines.

Cultural and Artistic Flourishing

Transition from Baroque to Rococo

• Artistic styles transitioned distinctly toward Rococo, particularly visible in France during the Regency period, characterized by elegance, ornamental delicacy, and playful themes. Paris emerged as the primary center for Rococo artistic and architectural innovation.

• Flemish and Dutch cities, notably Brussels, Antwerp, and Amsterdam, continued patronizing Baroque traditions, although incorporating increasingly refined aesthetics influenced by French cultural trends.

Literary and Musical Innovations

• Literature and theater continued vibrant growth, exemplified by playwrights such as Alain-René Lesage and French satirists, whose works critiqued social and political institutions humorously yet incisively.

• Music thrived, exemplified by composers such as François Couperin and Flemish-born Jean-Baptiste Loeillet, whose works enriched regional musical traditions, bridging Baroque intricacy with emerging Rococo refinement.

Social and Urban Developments

Urban Revitalization and Demographic Recovery

• Urban centers like Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam, and Antwerp experienced demographic recovery and infrastructural expansion following wartime strains. Economic stabilization spurred urban growth, improved civic infrastructure, and rising standards of living.

• Trade prosperity benefited mercantile and bourgeois classes, fostering increasing urbanization and enhancing municipal governance and civic engagement, particularly evident in Amsterdam and Antwerp.

Reinforced Regional Identities and Autonomy

• Despite increased centralization efforts, regional identities remained robust, notably among Flemish, Dutch, and Breton populations. Local customs, dialects, and governance structures continued resiliently, resisting full cultural assimilation into broader centralized frameworks.

Legacy and Long-Term Significance

The era 1708–1719 marked a critical transition for Atlantic West Europe:

• Politically, the conclusion of the War of the Spanish Succession established enduring territorial boundaries and power balances, stabilizing the region politically for several decades.

• Economically, peace allowed recovery, enabling the resumption of robust commercial activities, strengthening maritime trade, and enhancing financial institutions vital for future prosperity.

• Intellectually, the continued rise of Enlightenment thought promoted critical inquiry, rationalism, and secular intellectual traditions, fundamentally reshaping European cultural and intellectual discourse.

• Culturally, the transition toward Rococo aesthetics in art and music laid foundations for later 18th-century artistic developments, significantly influencing European tastes and styles.

Overall, this era solidified political, economic, and intellectual foundations essential to Atlantic West Europe's subsequent prominence in European and global historical trajectories.