Judah Aristobulus I (reigned 104–103 BCE), the first ruler of the Hebrew Hasmonean Dynasty to call himself "king," is the eldest of the five sons of John Hyrcanus, the previous leader.

Josephus would declare him the first Jew in 481 years to “wear the diadem on his head” (Ant.

xiii, 301).

According to Jewish tradition, only descendants of Judah, or, more specifically, the House of David, were qualified to be kings of Israel, so all of Aristobulus' predecessors had used the title of "nasi"/"president".