…the central district, Amurru, includes the southern Bekaa valley and Anti-Lebanon.

Obodas, king of the Nabateans, has inherited his predecessor’s war with the Hasmonean kingdom., whose forces he defeats around 93 BCE on the Golan Heights.

He then ambushes Alexander Jannaeus near Gadara, just east of the Sea of Galilee.

Using camel cavalry, he forces Jannaeus into a valley where he completes the ambush, thereby getting revenge for the Nabateans' loss of Gaza.

Moab and Gilead, two mountains east of the Dead Sea and the Jordan, are returned to Nabatean control.

…Coele Syria (Lebanon).

Gadara is the original capital of the league, whose other Hellenistic cities Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History (5.74) lists as …

The Decapolis serves as a starting point for Aelius Gallus' ill-starred expedition in 25-24 BCE in search of Arabia Felix.

Aelius Gallus, the second praefect of Roman Egypt (Aegyptus) in the reign of Augustus during the years 26–24 BCE, had replaced Cornelius Gallus—with whom he has often been confounded.

Aelius Gallus is also known to be an intimate friend of the Greek geographer Strabo of Pontus and has been identified with the Aelius Gallus frequently quoted by Galen, whose remedies are stated to have been used with success in his Arabian expedition.

Gallus has undertaken the expedition from Egypt by the command of Augustus, partly with a view to explore the country and its inhabitants, and partly to conclude treaties of friendship with the people, or to subdue them if they should oppose the Romans, for it is believed at this time that Arabia is full of all kinds of treasures.

When Aelius Gallus sets out with his army, he trusts to the guidance of a Nabataean called Syllaeus, who deceives and misleads him.

A long account of this interesting expedition through the desert is given by Strabo—who derives most of his information about Arabia from his friend Aelius Gallus.

Heraclius assembles a large army (one hundred thousand men) consisting of contingents of Greeks, Slavs, Franks, Georgians, Armenians, and Christian Arabs.

He establishes a base at Yaqusah (near Gadara), close to the edge of the Golan Heights, protecting the vital main road from Egypt to Damascus.

The base is protected by deep valleys and precipitous cliffs, well supplied with water and grazing.

Nur ad-Din proves to be one of the most dangerous enemies the Frankish kingdom has ever faced.

Starting out as Emir of Aleppo, he had steadily increased his territory at the expense of his Muslim and Latin neighbors, until he gained the great city of Damascus in 1154.

He had seriously defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Lake Huleh in 1157, but fell very ill immediately afterward, allowing the Franks to a chance to recover and, with the help of Thierry of Alsace and an army of pilgrims, to capture Harim castle later in the year.

However, an attack on Shaizar failed when Reynald of Châtillon, the Prince of Antioch, quarreled with the other Franks.

Consequently, Shaizar soon became the property of Nur ad-Din.

In 1158, Thierry and King Baldwin III had defeated Nur ad-Din at Butaiha, northeast of Tiberias.

The year 1160 had seen the capture of Reynald, who will spend the next sixteen years in Nur ad-Din's dungeons.

In December 1161, the Emperor Manuel I Comnenus had married Maria of Antioch and this event has given Antioch a strong protector in the emperor.

Amalric, count of Jaffa and Ascalon, succeeds his elder brother Baudouin III to the throne of Jerusalem in 1163.

Both Amalric and Nur ad-Din had soon become aware of the weakness of Fatimid Egypt, whose government has fallen into a state of decay.

After the assassination of Caliph al-Zafir and a series of palace coups, Shawar had seized power in 1162, was soon deposed, and appealed to Nur ad-Din for help.

Neither the Latin king nor the Muslim emir can afford to let the other capture the rich prize of Egypt.

Accordingly, Nur ad-Din had sent his lieutenant Shirkuh with an army to support the Egyptian vizier.

While Shirkuh campaigns in Egypt, Nur ad-Din mounts an offensive in Lebanon.

Following Latin policy, King Amalric takes an army to support his northern vassals, Bohemund III of Antioch and Raymond III of Tripoli.

Fortuitously, a large group of French pilgrims led by Hugh VIII of Lusignan and Geoffrey Martel, the brother of William IV of Angoulême, have joined the king of Jerusalem.

In addition, Constantine Kalamanos, the governor of Cilicia, has brought his Greek warriors to assist the Crusaders.

Nur ad-Din is no match for such a formidable combination of enemies and his army suffers a defeat.

Both Muslims and Franks are impressed by the fighting qualities of the imperial soldiers.

The negative result of al-Buqaia only makes Nur ad-Din more keen for revenge.

...the Bekaa Valley to carve out Greater Lebanon as a separate state with a (slight) Christian majority.