The Mysians, an aboriginal people of the valley of the Bakir (Caïcus) River and the mountains to the north, receive mention in an eighth-century Carchemish inscription.

Mysia, their homeland district in northwest Anatolia, adjoins the Sea of Marmara on the north and the Aegean Sea on the west.

Homer mentions the Mysians (for whom the region is named) as primitive allies of the Trojans, but historically there is no record of their action as an independent nation.

Herodotus recorded the tradition that Mysians (along with Teucrians) invaded Europe, conquering "all of Thrace" and invading Greece as far as Elis in early times (7.20).

He also wrote that they were brethren of the Carians and Lydians (Herod. 1.171), and that the Mysians were "Lydian colonists" (7.74).

This identification may be supported by the fact that only Mysians, Carians, and Lydians were allowed to worship at the temple of Carian Zeus in the country of the Mylasians (1.171), based on the tradition that the eponymous figures Car (Carians), Lydus (Lydians), and Mysus (Mysians) were brothers (1.171).

Little is known about the Mysian language.

A short inscription which may be in Mysian and which dates from between the fifth and third centuries BCE will be found in Uyuçik, near Kütahya; it seems to include Indo-European words, but it has not been deciphered.

If Herodotus was right, the Mysian language would be a language of the Anatolian group, akin to Carian and Lydian.

A passage in Athenaeus, however, suggests that Mysian was akin to the barely attested Paionian language of Paionia, north of Macedon.

Anastasius’ removal of Zeno’s Isaurian clansmen from their powerful positions as imperial officials, coupled with the expulsion of Isaurian troops from Constantinople, spurs the bellicose Isaurians of the south central Anatolian highlands to revolt and invade western Anatolia in 492.

Anastasius declare war on the Isaurian supporters of Longinus, the brother of Zeno who was passed over in his succession in favor of Anastasius, and sends a mostly Gothic army against them.

The rebels are defeated by the Eastern Roman army under John the Scythian and John the Hunchback in the Battle of Cotyaeum (subordinate commanders including the future Justin I).

Kilij defeats the imperial forces at the Siege of Cotyaeum in 1182, resulting in the loss of Cotyaeum and Sozopolis.

Bayezid's first major role is as governor of Kütahya, city that has been conquered from the Germiyanids.

He is an impetuous soldier, earning the nickname of Lightning in a battle against the Karamanids.

…Germiyan.

Sultan Mahmud II is so alarmed by the possibility of deposition that he accepts Russia's offer of military aid, much to the dismay of the British and French governments.

From this position, Russia brokers a negotiated solution in 1833 known as the Convention of Kütahya.

The terms of the peace are that Ali will withdraw his forces from Anatolia and receive the territories of Crete (at this time known as Candia) and the Hejaz as compensation, and Ibrahim Pasha is to be appointed Wali of Syria.

As the result of near-endless discussions between the representatives of the powers, the Porte and the pasha, the Convention of Kütahya is signed on May 14, 1833, by which the sultan agrees to bestow on Muhammad Ali the pashaliks of Syria, Damascus, Aleppo, and Itcheli, together with the district of Adana.

The announcement of the pasha's appointment had already been made in the usual way in the annual firman issued on May 3.

Adana is bestowed on Ibrahim under the style of muhassil, or collector of the crown revenues, a few days later.