China’s Eastern Jin Dynasty has developed an alliance with the barbarian Tuoba, a clan of the Xianbei people, against the Xiongnu state Han Zhao, and the Tuoba chief had in 315 been granted the title of the Prince of Dai.

After the death of its founding prince, Tuoba Yilu, however, the Dai state had stagnated and largely remained a partial ally and a partial tributary state to Later Zhao and Former Yan, finally falling in 376 to the Di kingdom of Qin, known to history as Former Qin.

Tuoba Gui, the grandson (or son) of the final Prince of Dai, Tuoba Shiyijian, had reasserted independence by 386, initially with the title of Prince of Dai, and then as the Prince of Wei, and his state is therefore known in history as Northern Wei.

Li Jing commands the main prong of the Tang dynasty’s attacks against the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, with the generals Li Shiji, Xue Wanche, and Chai Shao commanding the other prongs, but with Li Jing in overall command.

In spring 630, Li Jing's forces, surprising Ashina Duobi's, capture Dingxiang (in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia), approaching Ashina Duobi's imperial tent.

He then sends spies to Ashina Duobi's camp and persuades a number of Ashian Duobi's close associates, including Kangsumi, to surrender (along with Sui's Empress Xiao and her grandson Yang Zhengdao).

Ashina Duobi withdraws to the Yin Mountains and offers to submit to Tang—but at the same time he is negotiating with the Tang envoy Tang Jian, whom Emperor Taizong had sent to negotiate with him, he is considering withdrawing further, north of the Gobi Desert.

Li Jing and Li Shiji, believing that Ashina Duobi is merely stalling for time, join their forces and attack Ashina Duobi, defeating him and killing his wife (the Sui Dynasty's Princess Yicheng).

Ashina Duobi flees further to his subordinate khan Ashina Sunishi), but is soon captured by the Tang general Zhang Baoxiang and delivered to Chang'an.

Turkic nobles largely surrender to Tang, while the Turkic Khaganate's people scatter in three directions—either surrendering to Tang, surrendering to Xueyantuo, or fleeing west to the Western Turkic Khaganate and the nearby kingdoms.

The collapse of Tang's erstwhile vassal and ally the Uyghur Khaganate—which had supported the Tang Dynasty in various campaigns through the decades—is one of the first things with which Emperor Wuzong has to deal.

The Uyghur Khaganate had weakened due to internal power struggles to the point that when the Xiajiasi (Kirghiz) khan Are attacks them in 840, the Uyghur khan Yaoluoge Hesa is killed.

The Uyghur tribespeople scatter, fleeing in various directions.

One major group, under the leadership of the prince Wamosi and the nobles Chixin, Pugu, and Najiachuo, heads for the Tang border city of Tiande (in modern Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) and seeks to submit to the Tang.

The leader of another major group, the noble Yaoluoge Wuxi, claims the khan title for himself (as Wujie Khan); Wujie Khan subsequently seizes Emperor Wuzong's aunt, Princess Taihe, who had married a previous khan (Chongde Khan) and holds her hostage.

Various Uyghur remnants pillage the Tang border regions, causing much disturbance for the Tang people.

At Li Deyu's suggestion, Emperor Wuzong supplies food to the Uyghur remnants to try to calm them, while accepting Wamosi's submission.

When Wujie Khan subsequently demands that Tang turn Wamosi over to him as a traitor, Emperor Wuzong refuses.

Han Chinese in the Josutu and Juu Uda Leagues in Inner Mongolia massacre tens of thousands of Mongols, on November 11 in what is known as the Jindandao Incident, before being suppressed by government troops in late December.

The rebels burn many Tibetan Buddhist temples, and devastate Mongol communities.

The imperial court tries in vain to ease ethnic tensions, paying relief money to both the Mongols and the Chinese and forbidding further revenge.

Beijing decides to make Chinese prefecture and county authorities collect tax from Chinese tenants on behalf of Mongol nobles.

The court decides also to put Mongol-Chinese conflicts under the jurisdiction of Chinese authorities.

This further weakens the power of Mongol banners.

The Leagues are located at the southern end of the Mongol land and have faced devastating floods of Chinese colonization.

While early migrants had been insignificant in number and had quickly assimilated into the Mongol society, Chinese farmers from northern Hebei had later settled en masse and now outnumber the indigenous Mongols.

Large-scale agriculture practiced by the Chinese had made the Mongols unable to continue pastoralism.

The Mongols had become agricultural farmers and adopted the Chinese system of land ownership.

The presence of the large number of Chinese within Inner Mongolia had resulted in a complex administrative system.

The Chinese had come under the jurisdiction of Chinese prefectures and counties, which were set up as enclaves within the Mongol lands.

Mongol banners nominally retain the land ownership and ceaselessly fight to preserve various rights over the Chinese settlers.

As the Qing dynasty gradually lost the ability to maintain social order, the Chinese began to challenge the rule of the minority Mongols.

Chinese tenants delay or even refuse land tax payment, and forcibly obstruct land surveys by Mongol authorities.

Another main conflict between the indigenous and immigrant populations involves access to natural resources.

Mongols strictly forbid, the Chinese from cutting timbers on Mongol lands mainly for religious reasons.

Violators are severely punished by banner officials, which fuels Chinese hostility toward Mongols.

Little is known about the Jindandao (literally meaning to Golden Elixir Way).

Also known as the Red Turban, the Jindandao is a secret society and considered to be an offshoot of the White Lotus sect, which had previously risen in revolt at various times in China.

Another sect involved is named Zaili, a religious sect popular in Northern China with a confirmed connection with the White Lotus sect.

The rebellion breaks out in November 1891 when rebels attack the government office of the Aukhan Banner.

They slaughter the jasagh (head) of the banner, Prince Daghchin, who is concurrently the head of the Juu Uda League, and vandalize his ancestral tomb.

They quickly rampage southward into the Ongniud banners (and Chifeng County within them), then into the Kharachin Left Banner.

Around the same time, another group of rebels captures Chaoyang County within the Tümed Right Banner, the Josutu League.

They move into the neighboring Tümed banner and two Kharachin banners while annihilating Mongol communities.

They openly employ anti-Mongol and anti-dynastic slogans including "Defeat the Qing and wipe of the Mongols" and "Kill Mongols in revenge".

In response, Li Hongzhang, Governor-General of Chinese Zhili Province, dispatches Ye Zhichao, Commander-in-chief of Zhili, to suppress the rebels.

The Zhili forces cross the Great Wall and march from the south and southwest.

On the eastern front, troops detached from Fengtian play a role in the encircling operation.

The modernized army, communicating through telegraph, sending soldiers by the railway and armed with modern firearms, quickly crushes the  rebels in December.

The rebel leader Yang Yuechun is executed in Tianjin.

The local population, not only the rebels, suffer at the hands of government forces.

What is worse for the Mongols is that General Ye sides with the rebels, falsely reporting to the imperial court in Beijing that the Mongol banner army had killed innocent Chinese.

Prince Vangdudnamjil, the jasagh of the Kharachin Right Banner, who is consulted by the imperial court, successfully rebuts General Ye's claim with a detailed report.