Hami (Kumul) Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (Sinkiang) China
Years: 630 - 630
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The Han dynasty during the turbulent reign of Wang Mang had lost control over the Tarim Basin, which was conquered by the Northern Xiongnu in 63 CE and used as a base to invade the Eastern Han dynasty's Hexi Corridor in Gansu.
Dou Gu (d. 88 CE) defeats the Northern Xiongnu at the Battle of Yiwulu in 73 CE, evicting them from Turpan and chasing them as far as Lake Barkol before establishing a garrison at Hami.
The garrison at Hami is withdrawn in 75 after allies of the Xiongnu in Karasahr and Kucha kill the new Protector General of the Western Regions Chen Mu.
The Chinese Buddhist monk Xuanzang, having embarked on his journey to the monasteries of Southern Asia, travels across the Gobi Desert to Kumul (Hami), thence …
The throne of Mongolia had passed into the hands of Jorightu Khan Yesüder, an Arib-Bokid prince, in 1388 after the demise of the Northern Yuan emperor Tögüs Temür, Kublai Khan's descendant.With the anarchy after the Mongol Emperor's death, Chagatai Khan's descendant, Gunashiri, who followed the Yuan court's retreat into Mongolia, attempted to break away from the new Khan's rule.
Gunashiri, himself Buddhist, had by 1390 successfully established himself in Hami, where the Uighurs live.
The Kara Del in 1404 had accepted the Ming supremacy to save its existence, and had come under Ming control as Hami Prefecture.
The Kara Del ruler Enke-temur had been granted the title Zhongshunwang (meaning the obedient prince) by the Ming court.
They are threatened by Mongolian Emperors, however, particularly during the reign of Yesüder, from the north.
The Oirats from Western Mongolia have from the fifteenth century pressured the kingdom.
Their leader and Yuan taishi, Esen, a future Emperor of the Mongols, had in 1430 forced the submission of the Kara Del khan.
The kingdom is one of two Chagatyid realms conquered by Esen, the other one being Moghulistan around 1432.
He extensively supported the rivalry between successor of Gunashiri and intervened in their dynastic struggles.
The Ming Dynasty was trying to place their puppet on the throne to secure their claim at the time.
A pro-Mongol faction overthrew the khan in 1463 and a serious succession crisis began.
Ming Emperors from 1467 have reinstalled members of Gunashiri's house but the failure is evident.
Hami is conquered in 1513 by Mansur, the khan of eastern Moghulistan, putting an end to the dynasty.
Mansur forcefully converts all people living in Kara Del to Islam.
"Remember that the people you are following didn’t know the end of their own story. So they were going forward day by day, pushed and jostled by circumstances, doing the best they could, but walking in the dark, essentially."
—Hilary Mantel, AP interview (2009)