The Tulunids are the first independent dynasty to rule Islamic Egypt.

They rule the country, as well as much of Syria, from 868, when they break away from the central authority of the Abbasid dynasty that rules the Islamic Caliphate during that time, until 905, when the Abbasids restore the Tulunid domains to their control.In the late 9th century, internal conflict among the Abbasids means that control of the outlying areas of the empire is increasingly tenuous, and in 868 the Turkic officer Ahmad ibn Tulun establishes himself as an independent governor of Egypt.

He subsequently achieves nominal autonomy from the central Abbasid government.

During his reign (868–884) and those of his successors, the Tulunid domains are expanded to include Jordan Rift Valley, as well as Hijaz, Cyprus and Crete.

Ahmad is succeeded by his son Khumarawayh, whose military and diplomatic achievements make him a major player in the Middle Eastern political stage.

The Abbasids affirm their recognition of the Tulunids as legitimate rulers, and the dynasty's status as vassals to the caliphate.

After Khumarawayh's death, his successor emirs are ineffectual rulers, allowing their Turkic and black slave-soldiers to run the affairs of the state.

In 905, the Tulunids are unable to resist an invasion by the Abbasid troops, who restore direct caliphal rule in Syria and Egypt.The Tulunid period is marked by economic and administrative reforms alongside cultural ones.

Ahmad ibn Tulun changes the taxation system and aligns himself with the merchant community.

He also establishes the Tulunid army.

The capital i moved from Fustat to al-Qatta'i, where the celebrated mosque of ibn Tulun is constructed.