Transylvania, or the Transylvania Colony, is a short-lived, extra-legal colony founded in 1775 by Richard Henderson, who controls the North Carolina based Transylvania Company, which had reached an agreement to purchase the land from the Cherokee in the "Treaty of Sycamore Shoals".

This area is claimed at the time by the Province of Virginia —especially following Lord Dunmore's War —and North Carolina.

It is primarily located in what is now the central and western parts of the State of Kentucky.

American pioneer Daniel Boone is hired by Henderson to establish the Wilderness Road going through the Cumberland Gap into central "Kentuckee", where he founds Boonesborough, the designated capital of the Transylvania colony.

Transylvania officially ceases to exist after the Virginia General Assembly invalidates the Transylvania Company's purchase in 1776.