Tonga, officially the Kingdom of Tonga, is a Polynesian sovereign state and archipelago comprising 176 islands with a surface area of about 750 square kilometers (290 sq mi) scattered over 700,000 square kilometers (270,000 sq mi) of the southern Pacific Ocean, of which 52 are inhabited by its 103,000 people.

Tonga stretches over about 800 kilometers (500 mi) in a north-south line about a third of the distance from New Zealand to Hawaii.

It is surrounded by Fiji and Wallis and Futuna (France) to the northwest, Samoa to the northeast, Niue to the east, Kermadec (part of New Zealand) to the southwest, and New Caledonia (France) and Vanuatu to the west.Tonga becomes known as the Friendly Islands because of the congenial reception accorded to Captain James Cook on his first visit in 1773.

He arrives at the time of the ʻinasi festival, the yearly donation of the first fruits to the Tuʻi Tonga (the islands' paramount chief) and so receives an invitation to the festivities.

According to the writer William Mariner, the chiefs wanted to kill Cook during the gathering but could not agree on a plan.

Tonga has never lost its sovereignty to a foreign power.

In 2010 Tonga takes a decisive step towards becoming a fully functioning constitutional monarchy, after legislative reforms paved the way for its first partial representative elections.