The Principality of Polotsk, also known as the Kingdom of Polotsk or the Duchy of Polotsk, is a medieval principality of the Early East Slavs.

The origin and date of state establishment is uncertain.

In the Russian chronicles it is mentioned as one being conquered by Vladimir the Great and thereafter became associated with the Rurik dynasty and Kievan Rus'.Supposedly it was established around the ancient town of Polotsk (modern Belarusian language: Polatsk) by the tribal union of Krivichs.

In the second half of he tenth century, Polotsk is governed by its own dynasty the first ruler of which that is mentioned in the history was a semi-legendary Rogvolod (?

- 978).

Rogvolod is better known as the father of Rogneda.

The Principality is heavily involved in several succession crises of the 11th-12th centuries and a war with the Republic of Novgorod.

By the 13th century it is integrated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.At its greatest extent, the principality stretches over large parts of today's northern and central Belarus and a smaller part of today's southeastern Latvia, including (besides Polotsk itself) the following towns: Vitebsk, Drutsk, Minsk, Izjaslaw (now Zaslawye), Lahojsk, Barysaw, Brachyslaw (now Braslaw), Kukeinos (now Koknese) and others.