The Fourth Crusade, which did not reach Palestine, led directly to the decline of the Byzantine Empire, dramatically reducing Christian influence throughout the region.

The Mamluk Sultanate had been indirectly created in Egypt as a result of the Seventh Crusade.

The Mongol Empire reaches Palestine for the first time in 1260, beginning with the Mongol raids into Palestine under Nestorian Christian general Kitbuqa, and reaching an apex at the pivotal Battle of Ain Jalut, where they are routed by the Mamluks.

In 1486, hostilities break out between the Mamluks and the Ottoman Empire in a battle for control over western Asia, and the Ottomans capture Palestine in 1516.