New Andalusia Governorate, one of the governorates of the Spanish Empire, is created as one of Charles V's grants of 1534, establishing the adelantado Pedro de Mendoza as its first governor, captain general, and chief justice.

The territory is described as extending 200 leagues down the Pacific coast from Diego de Almagro's grant of New Toledo, but is understood to involve the exploration, pacification, and settlement of the Rio de la Plata along the Atlantic.

While this province in theory includes all of modern Uruguay and Paraguay and large segments of Chile, Argentina and Brazil, the adelantados are only able to effectively colonize the Paraná River, losing other territories to subsequent grants.

After the establishment of the Viceroyalty of Peru, it is replaced by the Governorate of the Río de la Plata under the supervision of the Audience of Lima.