Neoplatonism is the modern term for a school of religious and mystical philosophy that takes shape in the 3rd century CE, based on the teachings of Plato and earlier Platonists, with its earliest contributor believed to be Plotinus, and his teacher Ammonius Saccas.

Neoplatonism focuses on the spiritual and cosmological aspects of Platonic thought, synthesizing Platonism with Egyptian and Jewish theology.However, Neoplatonists would have considered themselves simply Platonists, and the modern distinction is due to the perception that their philosophy contained sufficiently unique interpretations of Plato to make it substantially different from what Plato wrote and believed.

The Neoplatonism of Plotinus and Porphyry has been referred to as in fact being orthodox Platonic philosophy by scholars like John D. Turner.

This distinction provides a contrast with later movements of Neoplatonism, such as those of Iamblichus and Proclus, which embraced magical practices or theurgy as part of the soul's development in the process of the soul's return to the Source.

Possibly Plotinus was motivated to clarify some of the traditions in the teachings of Plato that had been misrepresented before Iamblichus.Neoplatonism tskes definitive shape with the philosopher Plotinus, who claims to have received his teachings from Ammonius Saccas, a philosopher in Alexandria.

Plotinus is also influenced by Alexander of Aphrodisias and Numenius of Apamea.

Plotinus's student Porphyry assembles his teachings into the six sets of nine tractates, or Enneads.

Subsequent Neoplatonic philosophers include Iamblichus, Hypatia of Alexandria, Hierocles of Alexandria, Proclus (by far the most influential of later Neoplatonists), Damascius (last head of Neoplatonist School at Athens), Olympiodorus the Younger, and Simplicius of Cilicia.Thinkers from the Neoplatonic school cross-pollinate with the thinkers of other intellectual schools.

For instance, certain strands of Neoplatonism influenced Christian thinkers (such as Augustine, Boethius, John Scotus Eriugena, and Bonaventure), while Christian thought influences (and sometimes converts) Neoplatonic philosophers (such as Dionysius the Areopagite).

In the Middle Ages,Neoplatonistic arguments are taken seriously in the thought of medieval Islamic and Jewish thinkers such as al-Farabi and Moses Maimonides, and experience a revival in the Renaissance with the acquisition and translation of Greek and Arabic Neoplatonic texts.