Genoese power in the Black Sea is based on the republic’s alliance with the restored Roman Empire under the 1261 Treaty of Ninfeo.

Pera (modern Beyoglu), the Genoese independent suburb of Constantinople, will gradually outstrip the Greek capital in economic development, and Kaffa (modern Feodosiya) becomes the capital of a broad stretch of the Crimean coast ruled by the Genoese.

Many Aegean islands, including Thásos, Samothrace and Chios (given in fief to the Genoese family of Zaccaria), become independent Genoese principalities.

Much of Greece and the islands remain in French or Italian hands.

The Franks had ruled Thessaly in its eastern parts after 1204, while the Greek rulers of Epirus and Nicaea had disputed the western regions.

John I Doukas establishes himself in about 1267 as independent ruler of Thessaly, with the Greek imperial title sebastokrator, at Neopatras, but in expanding his control eastward he comes into conflict with Emperor Michael VIII, whose attacks he repels with the assistance of the dukes of Athens and Charles d’Anjou.

Venetian support, the result of a favorable trading relationship (Thessaly exports agricultural produce), helps maintain Thessalian independence.

Thessaly had fallen under the control of the short-lived Kingdom of Thessalonica in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, but had been conquered again in 1215 by Theodore Komnenos Doukas of the Despotate of Epirus and become one of the independent territories governed by that family.

The region had remained attached to the domains of Theodore and his successors in Thessalonica until 1239, when the deposed ruler of Thessalonica, Manuel Komnenos Doukas, conquered it from his nephew John Komnenos Doukas and secured its status as a separate section of the family holdings.

His death around 1241 brought the area to the ruler of Epirus, Michael II Komnenos Doukas, upon whose death in about 1268 Thessaly became the holding of a distinct, illegitimate, branch of the family.

Venetian support, the result of a favorable trading relationship (Thessaly exports agricultural produce), has helped maintain Thessalian independence until the arrival in 1309 of the Catalan Grand Company, which has moved into Greece through Thrace and Macedonia, plundering as they go.

Thibault de Chepoy, the deputy of Charles of Valois, ends the leadership of Rocafort, arresting him and sending him to Naples, where he will die of hunger this same year.

The Catalan mercenaries, after years of raiding in Thrace and Macedonia, finally advance south into Greece in 1310, when Roger Deslaur offers the Company’s service to Gautier V of Brienne, Duke of Athens.

The Catalan Company has freed the duchy of its enemies within a year, only to be betrayed by Brienne, who refuses to pay for is services.

The Company avenges itself on March 15, 1311, defeating and killing Brienne in the Battle of Halmyros, taking control of the duchy of Athens and …

…Thebes, turning out the Latin lords of Achaia.

The new Aragonese lands, no longer under control of the French, expand into Thessaly and become the duchies of Athens and Neopatria.

The Catalan rule will last without interruption until 1388–1390, when they are defeated by the Navarrese Company under Pedro de San Superano, Juan de Urtubia, and allied with the Florentines under Nerio I Acciaioli of Corinth.

The Catalan Grand Company occupies the southern districts of Thessaly from 1318; …

…the northern regions remain independent under the ruler Stephen Gabrielopoulos.

John II Orsini of Epirus takes the northern parts of Thessaly in 1322.