The Mozarabs are Iberian Christians who live under Islamic rule in Al-Andalus.

Their descendants remain unconverted to Islam, but do however adopt elements of Arabic language and culture.

They are mostly Roman Catholics of the Visigothic or Mozarabic Rite.Most of the Mozarabs are descendants of Hispano–Gothic Christians and are primarily speakers of the Mozarabic language under Islamic rule.

Many are also what the arabist Mikel de Epalza calls "Neo-Mozarabs", that is Northern Europeans who had come to the Iberian Peninsula and picked up Arabic, thereby entering the Mozarabic community.A few are Arab and Berber Christians coupled with Muslim converts to Christianity who, as Arabic speakers, naturally are at home among the original Mozarabs.

A prominent example of Muslims who became Mozarabs by embracing Christianity is the Andalusian rebel and Anti-Umayyad military leader, Umar ibn Hafsun.

The Mozarabs of Muslim origin were descendants of those Muslims who converted to Christianity, following the conquest of Toledo and perhaps also, following the expeditions of king Alfonso I of Aragon.

These Mozarabs of Muslim origin, who converted en masse at the end of the 11th century, many of them Muladi (ethnic Iberians previously converted to Islam), are totally distinct from the Mudéjars and Moriscos who converted gradually to Christianity between the 12th and 17th centuries.

Some Mozarabs were even Converso Sephardi Jews who likewise became part of the Mozarabic milieu.Separate Mozarab enclaves are located in the large Muslim cities, especially Toledo, Córdoba, Zaragoza, and Seville.