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Mecklenburg-Schwerin, (restored) Duchy of
Years: 1701 - 1815
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The Hanseatic cities of Bremen and ...
...Lübeck, and ..
...the states of Mecklenburg and ...
...Prussia, occupied by French forces, also grant equality to the Jews in 1811-12. (In Berlin, fifty out of the four hundred and five Jewish families in the city had converted between 1892 and 1810).
However, ...
...Bavaria, ...
...Austria, and ...
...Saxony reject any change and retain their ghettos.
The Congress of Vienna, led by Prince Klemens von Metternich, formally opens in Austria on November 21 to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, with the European powers agreeing upon the redrawing of national borders following the victory over France; it will last until June 9, 1815.
The Treaty of Chaumont in 1814 has reaffirmed decisions that had been made already and that will be ratified by this more important Congress.
They include the establishment of a confederated Germany, the division of Italy into independent states, the restoration of the Bourbon kings of Spain, and the enlargement of the Netherlands to include what in 1830 will become modern Belgium.
The Treaty of Chaumont became the cornerstone of the European Alliance that formed the balance of power for decades.
Other partial settlements had already occurred at the Treaty of Paris between France and the Sixth Coalition, and the Treaty of Kiel that covered issues raised regarding Scandinavia.
The Treaty of Paris had determined that a "general congress" should be held in Vienna and that invitations would be issued to "all the Powers engaged on either side in the present war".
The opening had been scheduled for July 1814.
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The Treaty of Chaumont in 1814 has reaffirmed decisions that had been made already and that will be ratified by this more important Congress.
They include the establishment of a confederated Germany, the division of Italy into independent states, the restoration of the Bourbon kings of Spain, and the enlargement of the Netherlands to include what in 1830 will become modern Belgium.
The Treaty of Chaumont became the cornerstone of the European Alliance that formed the balance of power for decades.
Other partial settlements had already occurred at the Treaty of Paris between France and the Sixth Coalition, and the Treaty of Kiel that covered issues raised regarding Scandinavia.
The Treaty of Paris had determined that a "general congress" should be held in Vienna and that invitations would be issued to "all the Powers engaged on either side in the present war".
The opening had been scheduled for July 1814.
The Congress functions through formal meetings such as working groups and official diplomatic functions; however, a large portion of the Congress is conducted informally at salons, banquets, and balls.
The Four Great Powers had previously formed the core of the Sixth Coalition.
On the verge of Napoleon's defeat they had outlined their common position in the Treaty of Chaumont (March 1814), and negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1814) with the Bourbons during their restoration.
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The Four Great Powers had previously formed the core of the Sixth Coalition.
On the verge of Napoleon's defeat they had outlined their common position in the Treaty of Chaumont (March 1814), and negotiated the Treaty of Paris (1814) with the Bourbons during their restoration.
Austria is represented by Prince Metternich, the Foreign Minister, and by his deputy, Baron Johann von Wessenberg.
As the Congress's sessions are in Vienna, Emperor Francis is kept closely informed.
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As the Congress's sessions are in Vienna, Emperor Francis is kept closely informed.
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