The Macedonians originated from inhabitants of the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula, in the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axios.

Generally described as an ancient Greek people, they gradually expanded from their homeland along the Haliacmon valley on the northern edge of the Greek world, absorbing various neighboring tribes during this process (primarily Thracian and Illyrian).

Although composed of various clans, the Kingdom of Macedon, established in the 6th century BC or possibly earlier, is mostly associated with the Argeads, both the name of the ruling dynasty and of the tribe named after it.

Traditionally ruled by independent families, the Macedonians seem to have accepted Argead rule by the time of King Alexander I (r. 498–454 BCE).

Under King Philip II (r. 359–336 BCE), they are credited with numerous military innovations which led to the exploits of Alexander the Great, the establishment of several realms from the Diadochi, and the inauguration of Hellenistic civilization.