The Vilayet of Kosovois a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkan Peninsula that includes the current territory of Kosovo and the western part of the Republic of North Macedonia.

The areas today comprising the Sandžak (Raška) region of Serbia and Montenegro, although de jure under Ottoman control, are in fact under Austro-Hungarian occupation from 1878 until 1909, as provided under Article 25 of the Treaty of Berlin.

Uskub (Skopje) functions as the capital of the province and the mid way point between Istanbul and its European provinces.

Uskub's population of 32,000 makes it the largest city in the province, followed by Prizren, also numbering at 30,000.

The Vilayet stands as a microcosm of Ottoman society; incorporated within its boundaries are diverse groups of peoples and religions: Albanians, Serbs, Bosniaks; Muslims and Christians, both Orthodox and Catholic.

The province is renowned for its craftsmen and important cities such as İpek (today's Peć, Albanian: Peja), where distinct Ottoman architecture and public baths are erected, some of which can still be seen today.

The birthplace of the Albanian national identity is first articulated in Prizren, by the League of Prizren members in 1878.

As a result, firstly of the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878, then of the modified Treaty of Berlin the same year which splits the Ottoman Empire, Kosovo becomes the first line of defense for the Ottoman Empire, with large garrisons of Ottoman troops being stationed in the province.

Before the First Balkan War in 1912, the province's shape and location deny Serbia and Montenegro a common land border.

After the war, the major part of the vilayet is divided between Montenegro and Serbia.

These borders are all ratified at the Treaty of London in 1913.