From 110 BCE, with the Seleucid empire disintegrating, the Kingdon of judah’s ruling Hasmonean dynasty becomes fully independent, expanded in to the neighboring regions of Galilee, Iturea, Perea, Idumea and Samaria, and takes the title "basileus".

Some modern scholars refer to this period as an independent kingdom of Judah.

In 63 BCE, the kingdom iss conquered by the Roman Republic, broken up and set up as a Roman client state.

The Kingdom survives for 103 years before yielding to the Herodian Dynasty in 37 BCE.

Even then, Herod the Great tries to bolster the legitimacy of his reign by marrying a Hasmonean princess, Mariamne, and planning to drown the last male Hasmonean heir at his Jericho palace.

Hyrcanus II and Aristobulus II, Simon's great-grandsons, became pawns in a proxy war between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great.

The deaths of Pompey (48 BCE), Caesar (44 BCE), and the related Roman civil wars temporarily relaxed Rome's grip on Israel, allowing a very brief Hasmonean resurgence backed by the Parthian Empire.

This short independence was rapidly crushed by the Romans under Mark Antony and Octavian.

The installation of Herod the Great (an Idumean) as king in 37 BCE made Israel a Roman client state and marked the end of the Hasmonean dynasty.

In 6 CE, Rome joined Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea (biblical Edom) into the Roman province of Iudaea.

In 44 CE, Rome installed the rule of a Roman procurator side by side with the rule of the Herodian kings (specifically Agrippa I 41–44 and Agrippa II 50–100).