Gaya is a confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan period.The traditional period used by historians for Gaya chronology is 42–532 CE.

According to archaeological evidence in the third and fourth centuries some of the city-states of Byeonhan evolved into the Gaya confederacy, which is later annexed by Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

The individual polities that make up the Gaya confederacy have been characterized as small city-states.

The material culture remains of Gaya culture mainly consist of burials and their contents of mortuary goods that have been excavated by archaeologists.

Archaeologists interpret mounded burial cemeteries of the late third and early fourth centuries such as Daeseong-dong in Gimhae and Bokcheon-dong in Busan as the royal burial grounds of Gaya polities.