The Roman province of Egypt (Latin: Aegyptus) is established in 30 BCE after Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) defeats his rival Mark Antony, deposes his lover Queen Cleopatra VII and annexes the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt to the Roman Empire.

The province encompasses most of modern-day Egypt except for the Sinai Peninsula (which will later be conquered by Trajan).

Aegyptus is bordered by the provinces of Creta et Cyrenaica to the West and Iudaea (later Arabia Petraea) to the East.The province comes to serve as a major producer of grain for the empire and has a highly developed urban economy.

Aegyptus is by far the most wealthy Roman province.