The Courland Governorate, also known as the Province of Courland Governorate of Kurland is one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire, that is now part of the Republic of Latvia.

The governorate is created in 1795 out of the territory of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia that is incorporated into the Russian Empire as the province of Courland with its capital at Mitau (now Jelgava), following the third partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Until the late nineteenth century the governorate is not ruled by Russia but is administered independently by the local Baltic German nobility through a feudal Regional Council (German: Landtag).

The governorate is bounded in the north by the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Riga and the Governorate of Livonia; west by the Baltic Sea; south by the Vilna Governorate and Prussia and east by the Vitebsk Governorate and Minsk Governorate.

The population in 1846 is estimated at 553,300.

It ceases to exist during the First World War after the German Empire takes control of the region in 1918.

ussia surrendersR the territory by the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on March 3, 1918.