The Emirate of Córdoba is an independent emirate in the Iberian Peninsula between 756 and 929 with Córdoba as its capital.After the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711–718, the Iberian Peninsula is established as a province under the Umayyad Caliphate.

These rulers establish their capital in Córdoba and receive from the Caliph of Damascus the title of wali or emir.In 756, Abd-ar-Rahman I ignores the Abbasid caliphs in Damascus and becomes an independent emir of Córdoba.

He had been on the run for six years after the Umayyads had lost the position of caliph held in Damascus in 750.

Intent on regaining a position of power, he defeats the existing Islamic rulers of the area who defy Umayyad rule and unites various local fiefdoms into an emirate.

However, this first unification of al-Andalus under Abd-ar-Rahman still takes more than 25 years to complete (Toledo, Zaragoza, Pamplona, Barcelona).For the next century and a half, his descendants continue as emirs of Córdoba, with nominal control over the rest of al-Andalus and sometimes even parts of western North Africa, but with real control, particularly over the marches along the Christian border, their power vacillating depending on the competence of the individual emir.

Indeed, the power of emir Abdallah ibn Muhammad (circa 900), for example, does not extend beyond Córdoba itself.Upon arrival to the throne of his grandson Abd-al-Rahman III, who succeeds him in 912, the political decline of the emirate is obvious.

Abd-al-Rahman III rapidly restores Umayyad power throughout al-Andalus and extends it into western North Africa as well.

In 929, to impose its authority and end the riots and conflicts that ravage the Iberian Peninsula, he proclaims himself caliph, elevating the emirate to a position in prestige not only with the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad but also the Shi'ite caliph in Tunis—with whom he is competing for control of North Africa.