The Caliphate of Córdoba is an Islamic kingdom that rules Al-Andalus and part of North Africa from the city of Qurtuba from 929 to 1031.

The period is characterized by an expansion of trade and culture, and sees the construction of masterpieces of al-Andalus architecture (including the Great Mosque of Córdoba).

In January 929, Abd-ar-Rahman III proclaims himself caliph of Qurtuba in place of his original title, Emir of Córdoba.

Abd-ar-Rahman III is a member of the Umayyad dynasty, which has held the title of Emir of Córdoba since 756.The caliphate disintegrates during a civil war (the Fitna of al-Andalus) between the descendants of the last caliph, Hisham II, and the successors of his hayib, Al-Mansur.

In 1031, after years of infighting, the caliphate fractures into a number of independent Muslim taifa (kingdoms).