Cilicia is an early Roman province, located on what is today the southern (Mediterranean) coast of Turkey.

Cilicia is annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BCE by Pompey, as a consequence of his military presence in the east, after pursuing victory in the Third Mithridatic War.

It is subdivided by Diocletian in around 297, and it remains under Roman, and subsequently Byzantine, rule for several centuries, until falling to the Islamic conquests.