The Khanate of Bukhara (or Khanate of Bukhoro) is a significant state in Central Asia from the second quarter of the 16th century to the late–18th century.

Bukhara becomes the capital of the short-lived Shaybanid empire during the reign of Ubaydallah Khan (1533–1540).

The khanate reaches its greatest extent and influence under its penultimate Shaybanid ruler, Abdullah Khan II (r. 1577–1598).In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Khanate is ruled by the Janid Dynasty (Astrakhanids or Ashtarkhanids).

In 1740, it is conquered by Nadir Shah, the Shah of Persia.

After his death in 1747, the khanate is controlled by the descendants of the Uzbek emir Khudayar Bi, through the prime ministerial position of ataliq.

In 1785, his descendent, Shah Murad, formalizes the family's dynastic rule (Manghit dynasty), and the khanate becomes the Emirate of Bukhara.