Bavaria-Straubing denotes the widely scattered territorial inheritance in the Wittelsbach house of Bavaria that are governed by independent dukes of Bavaria-Straubing between 1353 and 1432; a map of these marches and outliers of the Holy Roman Empire, vividly demonstrates the fractionalization of lands where primogeniture did not obtain.

In 1349, after Emperor Louis IV's death, his sons divide Bavaria once again: Lower Bavaria passes to Stephan II (died 1375), William (died 1389) and Albert (died 1404).

In 1353, Lower Bavaria is further partitioned into Bavaria-Landshut and Bavaria-Straubing: William and Albert receive a part of the Lower Bavarian inheritance, with a capital in Straubing and rights to Hainaut and Holland.

Thus the dukes of Bavaria-Straubing are also counts of Hainaut, counts of Holland, and of Zeeland.