The Kingdom of Scotland is a sovereign state in Northern Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843, which joins with the Kingdom of England to form the united Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707.

Its territories expand and shrinks throughout its history, but it eventually comes to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a land border to the south with the Kingdom of England.

It is invaded by the English, particularly under Edward III, but under Robert I it fights a successful war of independence and remains a distinct state in the late Middle Ages.

In 1603, James VI of Scotland becomes King of England, joining Scotland with England in a personal union of kingdoms.

In 1707, the two kingdoms are united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union.

From the final capture of the Royal Burgh of Berwick by the Kingdom of England in 1482 (following the annexation of the Northern Isles from the Kingdom of Norway in 1472) the territory of the Kingdom of Scotland corresponds to that of modern-day Scotland, bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest.