England experiences great social unrest in 1649.

The Parliamentarians have won the First English Civil War between forces loyal to Charles I and those led by Parliament’s Oliver Cromwell but fail to negotiate a constitutional settlement with the defeated King Charles I.

When members of Parliament and the Grandees in the New Model Army are faced with Charles' perceived duplicity, they try him and execute him.

Cromwell assumes power under Parliament and England is proclaimed a republic.

Cromwell invades Catholic Ireland and tries to clear away the Irish for English settlement.

Sugar prices decline slowly as production becomes multi-sourced, especially through English colonial policy.

Formerly an indulgence of the rich, sugar becomes increasingly common among the poor.