Researchers establish in 1776 that the Chinese alloy pai-t'ung (now called nickel silver), is composed of copper, nickel, and zinc.

Timur Shah Durrani, who spends much of his reign in quelling the rebellions of the tribal chiefs, shifts his capital from Qandahar to Kabul in 1776 because of this opposition.

The Company openly distances itself from Raghunathrao and asks him to live as their pensioner, but due to the fear of the Baarbhai, Raghunathrao is unhappy to leave Surat and in fact the Company does not insist on it, so he kept on living there.

Later in 1776, Raghunathrao unsuccessfully tries to get help from the Portuguese.

After this he comes to Bombay.

During this period Company gives him fifteen thousand rupees.

The British Calcutta Council condemns the Treaty of Surat, sending Colonel Upton to Pune to annul it and make a new treaty with the regency.

The Treaty of Purandhar (March 1, 1776) annuls that of Surat, Raghunathrao is pensioned and his cause abandoned, but the revenues of Salsette and Broach districts are retained by the British.

The Bombay government rejects this new treaty and gives refuge to Raghunathrao.

The debt incurred by France during the Seven Years' War, still unpaid, is further exacerbated by Vergennes' prodding Louis XVI to get involved in Great Britain's war with its North American colonies, due to France's traditional rivalry with Great Britain.

Holy Roman Emperor Joseph, amid preparations for sending help to France, and in the atmosphere of the first wave of libelles, comes to call on his sister and brother-in-law on April 18, 1777, the subsequent six-week visit in Versailles a part of the attempt to figure out why their marriage has not been consummated.

It is due to Joseph's intervention that, on August 30, 1777, the marriage is officially consummated.

The credit crisis of 1772 had greatly deteriorated debtor-creditor relations between the American colonies and Britain, especially in the South.

The southern colonies, which produce tobacco, rice, and indigo and export them to Britain, had been granted higher credit than the northern colonies, where competitive commodities are produced.

It is estimated that in 1776 the total amount of debt that British merchants claimed from the colonies equaled ￡2,958,390; southern colonies had claims of ￡2,482,763, nearly eighty-five per cent of the total amount.

Before the crisis, the commission system of trading had prevailed in the southern plantation colonies.

The merchants in London had helped the planters sell their crops and had shipped what planters wanted to purchase in London as returns.

The commission equaled the price of the British goods minus the revenue of the crops.

The planters were usually granted credit for twelve months without interest and at five per cent on the unpaid balance after the deadline.

After the outbreak of the crisis, British merchants urgently called for debt repayment, and American planters faced the serious problem of how to pay the debt for several reasons.

First, because of the economic boom before the crisis, planters were not prepared for large-scale debt liquidation.

As the credit system broke down, bills of exchange were rejected and almost all gold was sent to Britain.

Second, without the support of credit, planters were unable to continue producing and selling their goods.

Since the whole market became crippled, the fallen price of their goods also intensified the pressure on planters.

Owing to the crisis, the colonies have endured hard times to maintain the balance of payments.

Freemasons' Hall, the permanent headquarters of English Masonry, opens in London in 1776.

Adam Smith publishes his masterwork, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, in 1776.

His major thesis is that, save for such limited functions as defense, justice, and certain public works, the state should not interfere with the economic life of a nation.

He suggests that businessmen and merchants (in whom he places no trust to do anything other than conspire together against the public or raise prices) are guided “as if by an invisible hand” to promote the well-being of society.

An exponent of free trade, he champions competition and sees monopoly, private or state-imposed, as a great evil.

By some readings, Smith is seen as blessing the expansion of Britain's opium trade and nourishing British policy to maintain the American colonies as backward producers of raw materials and consumers of finished goods.

The British have significant advantages, including a highly trained army, the world's largest navy, and a highly efficient system of public finance that can easily fund the war.

However, the British are seriously handicapped by their misunderstanding of the depth of support for the Patriot position.

Ignoring the advice of General Gage, they misinterpret the situation as merely a large-scale riot.

London decides that they can overawe the Americans by sending a large military and naval force, forcing them to be loyal again.

Washington had forced the British out of Boston in the spring of 1776, and neither the British nor the Loyalists control any significant areas.

The British, however, have been massing forces at their naval base at Halifax, Nova Scotia.

They return in force in July 1776, landing in New York and defeating Washington's Continental Army in August at the Battle of Brooklyn.

Following this victory, the British request a meeting with representatives from Congress to negotiate an end to hostilities.

The Continental Army forces the British to evacuate Boston in March 1776, with George Washington as the commander of the new army.

The revolutionaries are now in full control of all thirteen colonies and are ready to declare independence.

There still are many Loyalists, but they are no longer in control anywhere by July 1776, and all of the Royal officials have fled.