The Samnites, Oscan-speaking agriculturists of the Apennine Mountains state of Samnium in southern Italy (present Abruzzi) are probable descendants of the Sabines.

They begin to expand their territory in the fourth century in warlike manner, forming a confederation of four tribes—the Caraceni, Caudini, Hirpini, and Pentri—in opposition to Rome.

In response to a request by Capua, a town in the Latin League, for aid against the Samnites, Rome sends troops in 343.

Although the Romans score a minor victory at Mount Gaurus in 342, mutinies and heavy losses undercut the effectiveness of Roman support.