Philosophia Botanica ("Botanical Philosophy", ed. 1, Stockholm & Amsterdam, 1751) is published by the Swedish naturalist and physician Carl Linnaeus , who greatly influences the development of botanical taxonomy and systematics in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

It is "the first textbook of descriptive systematic botany and botanical Latin".

It also contains Linnaeus's first published description of his binomial nomenclature.

Philosophia Botanica represents a maturing of Linnaeus's thinking on botany and its theoretical foundations, being an elaboration of ideas first published in his Fundamenta Botanica (1736) and Critica Botanica (1737), and set out in a similar way as a series of stark and uncompromising aphorisms.

The book also establishes a basic botanical terminology.