The Juyan Lake Basin lies along the route of the Northern Silk Road, which is about twenty-six hundred kilometers in length, connecting the ancient Chinese capital of Xian to the west over the Pamir Mountains to emerge in Kashgar before linking to ancient Parthia.

According to C. Michael Hogan, this route greatly expanded in its usage after the Han Dynasty pushed back the northern tribes in the latter part of the first millennium BCE.

Khara-Koto, a city in what is today western Inner Mongolia, near the Juyan Lake, had been founded in 1032 and had become a thriving center of Tangut trade in the eleventh century.

There are remains today of thirty-foot-high ramparts and two-foot-thick outer walls—as much as forty-five yards to a side.

The walled fortress is taken by Genghis Khan in 1225, but—contrary to a widely circulated misunderstanding—the city will continue to flourish under Mongol overlordship.

Andrew concludes a peace with Duke Leopold VI of Austria on June 6, 1225.

The foreign settlers in Transylvania include people from as far off as Flanders; and even Teutonic Knights returned from Palestine, who in 1211 had established the town of Kronstadt, Hungarian Brassó, now (Brasov, Romania), before a conflict with the king prompts their departure for the Baltic region in 1225.

Hungary's kings reinforce the loyalty of foreign settlers by granting them land, commercial privileges, and considerable autonomy.

Nobility is restricted to Roman Catholics and, while some Transylvanian noblemen have converted to the Roman rite to preserve their privileges, most of the Orthodox Transylvanians have become serfs.

The crusaders of the Latin Empire of Constantinople had been decisively defeated by the Bulgarian Emperor Kaloyan in the battle of Adrianople (1205).

In 1225, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, self-proclaimed despot of Epirus, proclaims himself emperor in a direct challenge to the identical claim of Nicaean emperor John III.

Nicaean forces dispatched by John to fight Epirus lose at Adrianople in Thrace, and Theodore takes possession of the city.

Jalal ad-Din Mengübirti, son of the defeated Shah of Khwarezm, had spent three years in exile in India before returning to Persia, gathering an army, and reestablishing a kingdom.

occupying dominions formerly controlled by a brother in western Mesopotamia.

He will never be able to consolidate his power, however, and will spend the rest of his days struggling against the Mongols, pretenders to the throne and the Seljuqs of Rum.

He loses his power over Persia in a battle against the Mongols in the Alborz mountains and flees to the Caucasus, to capture Azerbaijan in 1225, setting up his capital at Tabriz.

John III, allied in 1224 to Bulgarian ruler Ivan II, had acquired territory in the Aegean and in Asia Minor but had failed to capture Constantinople.

Ivan had subsequently defected to the Latin side, but the Latin emperor Robert, threatened both by Nicaea in Asia and Epirus in Europe, sues for peace, which is concluded in 1225.

According to its terms, the Latins abandon all their Asian possessions except for the eastern shore of the Bosporus and the city of Nicomedia with the surrounding region.

John of Brienne—Stephanie of Armenia having died in 1219—weds Berengaria, daughter of Ferdinand III of Castile, in 1225.

At the urging of Pope Honorius III, John gives his daughter Isabella in marriage to Frederick II, as the Emperor's first wife, Constance, had died in 1222.

John tries to retain his rights as regent of the kingdom of Jerusalem but Frederick begins to contest these rights immediately following the marriage.

Frederick II, as Holy Roman Emperor, can claim a suzerainty over Cyprus by virtue of the cession by his predecessor Henry VI.

Honorius has continually reminded his former pupil of the crusading vows he had taken at his coronations in 1212 and 1220.

However, Frederick, his attention demanded by conditions in Sicily has thus far evaded the obligation.

In consolidating his rule in Sicily, he has broken the resistance of the barons to revocation of certain of their privileges and defeated …

…the rebellious Saracens, whom he resettles in Apulia, where they become his most faithful subjects, providing him with a loyal bodyguard immune against papal influence.

The “Compiliatio Quinta,” a collection of decretals written by Pope Honorius III, is considered the first official book of canon law.