...Ratisbon (Regensburg, seat of the Perpetual Diet).

The plague also spreads to other territories of the Habsburg monarchy, though it is not involved in the Great Northern War.

Territories severely affected in 1713 are Bohemia (where thirty-seven thousand die only in Prague), and Austria, and the plague also strikes Moravia and Hungary.

Frederick I of Prussia dies in Berlin in 1713 and is entombed in the Berliner Dom.

Frederick had been married three times: first to Elizabeth Henrietta of Hesse-Kassel, with whom he had one child, Louise Dorothea, b. 1680, who died without issue at age twenty-five; then to Sophia Charlotte of Hanover, with whom he has Frederick William I, born in 1688, who succeeds him.

In 1708 he had married Sophia Louise of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, who survives him but had had no children by him.

 

The closing of the Turko-Habsburg frontier due to the plague, and the determination of the anti-French alliance in the War of the Spanish Succession to prevent Sweden from using its bases in Germany to attack its enemies, further circumscribe Charles's freedom of action in these years; he will soon return to Sweden.

Charles has meanwhile become the object of Turkish intrigues and in February 1713 has to fight a regular battle, the kalabalik of Bender (modern Bendery, Moldova), to avoid a plot to deliver him into the hands of Augustus of Saxony, now restored in Poland.

Mir Wais has decisively defeated two larger Persian armies, one led by Khusraw Khán and the other by Rustam Khán, by 1713.

The armies had been sent by Sultan Husayn, the Shah in Isfahan (now Iran), to retake control of the Kandahar region.

Britain takes possession of Minorca in 1713 under the terms of the Article XI of the Treaty of Utrecht.

Minorca in this period sees the island's capital moved to Port Mahon under the governorship of General Richard Kane, and a naval base established in this town's harbor.

Jacob Bernoulli is best known for the work Ars Conjectandi (The Art of Conjecture), published in 1713, eight years after his death, by his nephew Nicholas.

In this work, he describes the known results in probability theory and in enumeration, often providing alternative proofs of known results.

This work also includes the application of probability theory to games of chance and his introduction of the theorem known as the law of large numbers.

The terms Bernoulli trial and Bernoulli numbers result from this work.

The lunar crater Bernoulli is also named after him jointly with his brother Johann.

The Fahrenheits are a German Hanse merchant family who had lived in several Hanseatic cities.

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit's great-grandfather had lived in Rostock, and research suggests that the Fahrenheit family originated in Hildesheim.

Daniel's grandfather had moved from Kneiphof in Königsberg (Kaliningrad) to Danzig and settled there as a merchant in 1650.

His son, Daniel Fahrenheit (the father of the inventor), had married Concordia Schumann, daughter of a well-known Danzig business family.

Their son Daniel is the eldest of the five Fahrenheit children (two sons, three daughters) who survive childhood.

His sister, Virginia Elizabeth Fahrenheit, marries Benjamin Ephraim Krueger of an aristocratic Danzig family.

Daniel Fahrenheit had begun training as a chemist in Amsterdam after his parents died on August 14, 1701, from eating poisonous mushrooms.

However, Fahrenheit's interest in natural science had led him to begin studies and experimentation in that field.

Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in about 1713 switches from using alcohol to mercury as the thermometric fluid in his thermometers, creating the first mercury-in-glass thermometer.

The Peace of Utrecht stipulates that "because of the great danger which threatened the liberty and safety of all Europe, from the too close conjunction of the kingdoms of Spain and France, [...] one and the same person should never become King of both kingdoms."

Some historians view this as a key point in the evolution of the modern nation state.

Britain is usually seen as the main beneficiary, Utrecht marking its rise to becoming the primary European commercial power.

It establishes naval superiority over its competitors, controls the strategic Mediterranean ports of Gibraltar and Menorca, and gains commercial access to Spanish America.

France accepts the Protestant succession, ensuring a smooth inheritance by George I in August 1714 and will end support for the Stuarts under the 1716 Anglo-French Treaty.

Lastly, the war has left all the participants with unprecedented levels of government debt but only Britain successfully has financed it.

Philip is confirmed as King of Spain, which retains its independence and the majority of its Empire but cedes the Spanish Netherlands and most of their Italian possessions.

The 1707 Nueva Planta decrees had transferred powers to Madrid and largely abolished regional political structures.

These reforms have enabled Spain to recover remarkably quickly and only British naval power will prevent them regaining Naples and Sicily in 1718.

Despite its failure in Spain, Austria has secured its position in Italy and Hungary and acquired the bulk of the Spanish Netherlands.

Even after reimbursing the Dutch for most of the expenses associated with their Barrier, the increased tax revenues will help fund a significant expansion of Austrian military forces.

The acquisition of maritime territories in the Netherlands and Italy increases the potential for conflict in an area where Austria has traditionally relied on others, and Spain will recapture Sicily and Naples during the War of the Polish Succession in 1734.

Wider implications include the beginning of the rise of Prussia and Savoy, while many of the participants are involved in the Great Northern War, with Russia becoming a European power for the first time as a result.

Finally, while colonial conflicts had been relatively minor and largely confined to the North American theater or the so-called Queen Anne's War, they are to become a key element in future wars.