The Treaty of Gisors: Henry I Secures His Position in France (March 1113 CE)

By March 1113, the prolonged conflict between King Louis VI of France and King Henry I of England reached a temporary resolution. After years of military skirmishes, political maneuvering, and failed attempts to challenge Henry’s Norman rule, Louis VI backed down, acknowledging Henry’s growing dominance in northern and western France.

Terms of the Peace Settlement at Gisors

During their meeting near Gisors, the two kings negotiated a peace settlement that decisively favored Henry I:

• Louis ceded the disputed fortresses that had been contested between Normandy and the Capetian crown.
• Henry’s overlordship over Maine, Bellême, and Brittany was formally recognized, ensuring his control over these critical border regions.
• The agreement solidified Henry’s influence over western France, frustrating Capetian ambitions to curb Anglo-Norman power.

Strategic Implications

• Capetian Weakness – The treaty underscored the relative weakness of the French monarchy at this stage, as Louis VI lacked the resources and military strength to challenge Henry I directly.
• Henry’s Strengthened Position – By securing formal recognition of his rule over Maine, Bellême, and Brittany, Henry ensured stability within his continental domains, reducing immediate threats to Normandy.
• A Temporary Truce, Not a Lasting Peace – While the Treaty of Gisors granted Henry short-term security, tensions between the Capetians and the Anglo-Norman rulers remained unresolved. The struggle for supremacy in France and Normandy would reignite in the coming decades.

The settlement of 1113 CE allowed Henry I to focus on internal consolidation while marking a setback for Louis VI, whose long-term objective remained the weakening of Anglo-Norman control in France.

Geoffrey II of Brittany and the Political Conflicts of 1183

Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, played a significant role in the Plantagenet rebellions against Henry II, first as a fifteen-year-old participant in the revolt of 1173–1174, and later as a key figure in the second rebellion of 1183, fighting alongside his older brother Henry the Young King against their brother Richard, Duke of Aquitaine.

Geoffrey’s Role in the 1183 Revolt

• Geoffrey had previously reconciled with his father Henry II in 1174, taking part in the truce at Gisors that ended the first revolt.
• However, in 1183, Geoffrey supported Henry the Young King’s war against Richard, as tensions between Richard and their father over the control of Aquitaine escalated.
• The conflict was ultimately halted by Henry the Young King’s death in June 1183, shifting the political focus to Philip II of France’s demands for his sister Margaret’s dowry.

Dispute Over Margaret of France’s Dower (1183–1184)

• Margaret, the widow of Henry the Young King, had no surviving children, and Philip II of France demanded the return of her dowry, which had been ceded to Henry as part of the marriage arrangement.
• Henry II refused, leading to tense negotiations between Philip and Henry at Gisors, where an elm tree stood on the border between their territories, symbolizing their contested power.
• The issue was pushed further when King Béla III of Hungary proposed marrying Margaret, which meant her dowry had to be settled before the marriage could proceed.
• Philip intensified his pressure, and Henry II reluctantly agreed to return the dower, preventing further deterioration of relations between England and France.

Impact and Legacy

• Geoffrey’s involvement in the 1183 rebellion further strained family relations within the Angevin Empire, reinforcing the long-standing rivalry between the Plantagenet brothers.
• The Gisors negotiations over Margaret’s dowry reflected Philip II’s increasing assertiveness, marking his rise as a serious adversary to Henry II.
• With Henry the Young King dead, the question of succession and control over the Angevin lands would continue to fuel tensions between Henry II, his remaining sons, and Philip II of France in the years to come.

Geoffrey’s political maneuvering and military involvement in the late 1170s and early 1180s set the stage for future Plantagenet struggles, as the balance of power between England and France continued to shift.

Philip II Invades the Vexin After Richard I’s Capture (1193 CE)

Upon learning that Richard I had been captured on his journey home from the Third Crusade, Philip II of France acted swiftly, taking advantage of Richard’s absence and vulnerability. His first move was to invade the strategically vital region of the Vexin, which had long been a source of contention between England and France.

Philip’s Seizure of Gisors

• Philip’s first target was Gisors, the key fortress in the Vexin, which was commanded by Gilbert de Vascoeuil.
• Without Richard to lead his forces, the Angevin defenses were weakened.
• Gisors surrendered without resistance, falling into French hands with little effort.

This was a major victory for Philip, as Gisors was one of the most heavily contested fortresses between the Capetians and the Angevins.

Exploiting Richard’s Imprisonment

• Richard had been captured in December 1192 near Vienna by Leopold V, Duke of Austria, and was later handed over to Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI.
• With Richard imprisoned, Philip had a golden opportunity to seize Plantagenet lands in France.
• He continued his campaign in Normandy, aiming to take further strongholds while Richard was unable to resist.

Impact of Philip’s Invasion

• The fall of Gisors marked the beginning of Philip’s territorial expansion at Richard’s expense.
• With Richard absent, Philip sought to dismantle Angevin control in France, further strengthening Capetian dominance.
• This invasion escalated the conflict between England and France, setting the stage for further Plantagenet-Capetian wars in the late 12th century.

Philip’s rapid seizure of Gisors in 1193 was a crucial turning point in his long struggle against the Angevins, allowing him to gain ground in Normandy while Richard remained a prisoner in Germany.