Shapur's eldest son had succeeded him as the Sassanian ruler at his death in 272, ruling as Hormizd Ardashir, but he reigns only a year; another of Shapur's sons now succeeds him, ruling as Bahram.

Kartir Hangirpe, a highly influential Zoroastrian high priest, had risen to power during the reign of Shapur, to whom he had served as advisor and accompanied on travels.

Hormizd had appointed Kartir Moabadan-Moabad, 'priest of priests', a position Kartir has ruthlessly used to promote his own position and to punish lower ranking priests whose opinions he considers contrary to his own.

Internal conspiracies and extensive incursions by Germanic tribes, together with the increasingly extreme severe monetary inflation that obtains during the third century and now reaches a peak, have prevented the Gallic empire from achieving stability.

Tetricus, having elevated his son, also Tetricus, to the rank of caesar (junior emperor), continues to be threatened by successive mutinies.

Aurelian in late 273 leads an army across the Alps and marches north into Gaul.

Aurelian, turning east, next repels an invasion of Raetia by the Juthungi.

Aurelian, in officially ceding control of Dacia to the Goths in 274, has secured a long-lasting peace.

The Romans now construct a series of new forts on the south bank of the Danube, resettling soldiers and colonists here.

Moesia is a prosperous province, since surplus wheat from the Black Sea area is always assured of a market in the Roman Empire.

In the province's interior, agriculture and fruit growing flourish, and there is mineral wealth in the Balkan Mountains.

The province has suffered heavily from the barbarian invasions of the third century CE, and when the neighboring province of Dacia is abandoned in about 274, its inhabitants are largely transferred to Moesia.

The Romans have gradually evacuated Dacia over the past four years, abandoning the province to the Goths and Gepids.

Aurelian understands that defensible boundaries are essential for the long-term survival of the empire.

In 274, with the empire temporarily united, Aurelian concludes that Dacia is overexposed to invasion and makes the momentous decision to withdraw Roman troops from Dacia and resettle soldiers and settlers south of the Danube.

Virtually all the colonists, soldiers, imperial officials, and merchants depart (scholars, however, presume that many peasants remained).

Those Dacians who depart spread throughout the Balkans.

The Dacians apparently disperse as far as Macedonia and …

…the Peloponnesus (where their descendants still live). (These immigrants, who will call themselves Aromuni, i.e., “Romans,” are known to their present Slav and Greek neighbors as Tzintzars, denoting their inability to pronounce the Romanian cincl (five), or the somewhat insulting Kutzovlachs, meaning "lame Vlachs." Their native tongue, now still spoken by some five hundred thousand people in various Balkan countries, is Aromanian, an Eastern Romance language related most closely to Romanian but with strong Greek influences.)

Aurelian first deals with disorder at Lugdunum (Lyon) in late 274.

Aurelian reclaims the balance of the western provinces within the next several months, and rejoins them to the Roman Empire.

A strict disciplinarian, Aurelian maintains that public support and spoils taken from the enemy should be sufficient for soldiers to leave the provincials' goods alone.

Having reintegrated the Gallic Empire into the Roman fold, Aurelian returns to Rome and displays his surrendered rival Tetricus in a triumphal march, together with Zenobia and two of her sons, Herennianus and Timolaus.

Later pardoned, Tetricus is rewarded with the governorship of Lucania in southern Italy; the younger Tetricus receives senatorial rank.

Zenobia will spend the remainder of her life in exile in Italy, marrying a wealthy Roman senator and presumably passing the rest of her days at his villa near Tibur (now Tivoli, Italy).

Aurelian now revises the monetary system of the empire, using the additional revenue from the recovered provinces, together with thorough reforms, to return the empire's treasury to a sound footing.

He also introduces measures to reduce embezzlement, extortion, and corruption among imperial and provincial administrations.

He revises the monthly dole of grain to a daily distribution of two pounds of bread and an occasional allotment of pork, oil, and salt.

The bed of the Tiber is cleared and its banks repaired.

Although Aurelian has abandoned Dacia to barbarian rule, he has in four years managed to reclaim large portions of imperial territory lost through war or secession, thus earning, more than most, his self-adopted title restitutor orbis ("Restorer of the World,") which he displays on his newly reformed coinage.

Sun worship is popular in the Roman army, and particularly on the Danube.

Aurelian, one of the great military emperors produced by that area in the third century, installs the Syrian god Sol Invictus ("Invincible Sun") as the unifying deity of the restored Roman Empire.

At Rome, Aurelian builds a colossal round structure set within a rectangular enclosure, dedicating the magnificent temple to the god on the third day after the solstice and day of rebirth of the Sun and endowing the Sun's temple with fifteen thousand pounds of gold.

This religion, which is in essence monotheistic, becomes the state religion of Rome.