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Location: Edessa > Sanliurfa > Urfa Sanliurfa Turkey

Middle East (2,637 – 910 BCE) …

Years: 2637BCE - 910BCE

Middle East (2,637 – 910 BCE) Bronze and Early Iron — Highland–Oasis Symbiosis, Steppe Links

Climate & Environment

  • Aridity pulses increased; alluvial avulsion and salinization risks rose; Caucasus/Zagros pastures remained reliable.

Societies & Settlement

  • Elamite–Susiana sphere influenced Khuzestan; Zagros polities (Lullubi, Gutian forebears) persisted; northern Syrian/Cilician towns grew; Transcaucasian metal zones (Trialeti, Kura–Araxes legacies) supplied copper/arsenical bronzes.

  • Nomadic/pastoral networks (steppe links via Caspian–Caucasus) interacted with oases.

Technology

  • Bronze weaponry/tools; early iron appears by the end; wheeled transport; canalized agriculture scaling.

Corridors

  • Zagros–Tigris caravan lines; Caucasus–Ararat–Lake Urmia nodes; Gulf coasting (pearls, dates) with the Arabian littoral.

Symbolism

  • Highland rock reliefs; fire altars; ancestor cults; temple precincts in oases.

Adaptation

  • Highland–oasis complementarity (pasture vs. irrigation); distributed canal networks and multi-crop rotations resisted salinization.

Transition

By 910 BCE, the matrix exists for the Neo-Assyrian, Urartian, and Syro-Anatolian polities that will dominate early Iron Age corridors intersecting our region.

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The Near and Middle East (-2637 - -910)
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Middle East (-2637 - -910)