Naresuan, initiating war with his neighbors to the east and west, attacks Tenasserim, taking this city and ...

...Tavoy, as well as ...

...Cambodia in 1593.

The vast steppe of the Don region has been populated since the fourteenth century by those people who are not satisfied with the existing social order, by those who do not recognize the power of the land-owners, by the runaway serfs, by those who long for freedom.

In the course of time they have turned into a united community and are called "the Cossacks".

At first the main occupation of these small armed detachments was hunting and fishing as well as constant struggle against the Turks and the Tatars who attacked them.

Only later they began to settle and work on land.

The first notes about the Cossack villages—"stanitsa"—appear in 1549.

The Don Cossacks have settled throughout the sixteenth century along the lower Don River in southwestern Russia in such self-governing military communities as Cherkassk, where a Cossack fortress on the island (later called Monastyrsky) on the Don river was probably built before 1570 but is first mentioned in chronicles from 1593.

The Kandyan resistance eventually coalesces around Konnappu Bandara, son of Wirasundara, who had fled to Portuguese lands following his father's murder by agents of Rajasinha.

He defeats Rajasinha in 1593 at Balane and Mawela, effectively securing Kandy's independence from Sitawaka.

Adopting the name Vimaladharmasuriya, he seizes the throne of Kandy, converts back to Buddhism, and marries Princess Kusmasana Devi who, as Dona Catherina, had been put forward by the Portuguese as the rightful claimant to the throne.

At the time of his coronation Buddhism is on the verge of disappearing from the island.

Learning that ordained Buddhist monks no longer exist on the island, he sends one of ministers to Southern Burma and reestablishes Buddhism in the island.

By this time the Relic of the tooth of the Buddha is hidden in Delgamuwa Raja Maha Vihara in Sabaragamuwa Province.

The king brings the Tooth relic to Kandy and builds a two-story Temple near the royal palace to house the relic.

He also repairs many ruined Buddhist temples throughout his kingdom.

Much of the stability of Sitawaka, despite the kingdom’s impressive successes, is dependent on a smooth succession and a competent ruler; Rajasimha's sudden death in March 1592 is met with neither of these, and within less than a year Sitawaka has ceased to function as a cohesive polity.

Caravaggio’s known works from this period, besides Boy Peeling a Fruit, his earliest known painting, include a Boy with a Basket of Fruit, and the Young Sick Bacchus, supposedly a self-portrait done during convalescence from a serious illness that ended his employment with Cesari.

All three demonstrate the physical particularity—one aspect of his realism—for which Caravaggio is to become renowned: the fruit-basket-boy's produce has been analyzed by a professor of horticulture, who was able to identify individual cultivars right down to "... a large fig leaf with a prominent fungal scorch lesion resembling anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata)."

Composers, especially during the late sixteenth century, are ingenious in their use of so-called "madrigalisms"—passages in which the music assigned to a particular word expresses its meaning, for example, setting riso (smile) to a passage of quick, running notes which imitate laughter, or sospiro (sigh) to a note which falls to the note below.

This technique is also known as "word-painting."

While it originated in secular music, it makes its way into other vocal music of the period.

Chromaticism is a compositional technique interspersing the primary diatonic pitches and chords with other pitches of the chromatic scale.

The style of Neopolitan nobleman Carlo Gesualdo, who killed his wife and her lover in flagrante delicto and wrote some of the most extravagantly expressive and harmonically experimental music prior to the nineteenth century, followed directly from that of Luzzasco Luzzaschi, a skilled representative of the late Italian madrigal style, along with Palestrina, Wert, Monte, Lassus, Marenzio, and others.

Gesualdo names the older composer as his mentor: the two work together at Ferrara in the early 1590s, giving Gesualdo ample opportunity to absorb the chromaticism and textural contrasts of the Ferrarese, including Luzzaschi and Alfonso Fontanelli.

Richard Hawkins (or Hawkyns), the son of Admiral Sir John Hawkins, has from his earlier days been familiar with ships and the sea, and in 1582 he had accompanied his uncle, Sir Francis Drake, to the West Indies.

He was in 1585 captain of a galliot in Drake's expedition to the Spanish main, commanded a queen's ship against the Armada in 1588, and in 1590 served with his father's expedition at the coast of Portugal.

Hawkins in 1593 purchases the Dainty, a ship originally built for his father and used by him in his expeditions, and sails for the West Indies, the Spanish Main and the South Seas.

It seems clear that his project is to prey on the overseas possessions of the king of Spain.

Hawkins, however, in an account of the voyage written thirty years afterwards, will maintain, and by that time perhaps had really persuaded himself, that his expedition was undertaken purely for the purpose of geographical discovery.

After visiting the coast of Brazil, the Dainty passes through the Straits of Magellan, and in due course reaches Valparaíso.